复旦大学：《能源与环境 Energy and the Environment》教学课件_1_Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial

Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial Society

Energy Fundamentals, Energy Use in an Industrial Society

1Introduction Energy enters our lives in many different ways Energy in food: essential for the existence of all humankind and animals throughout our evolution on this planet Energy in engine fuel: power automobiles, heat homes manufacture products, generate electricity The fossil fuels: coal, natural gas, and oil supply most of the energy used globally(86% in the United States) These resources evolved hundreds of millions of years ago Since the beginning of the machine age, industrial societies have become increasingly dependent on fossil fuels

1. Introduction Energy enters our lives in many different ways. • Energy in food: essential for the existence of all humankind and animals throughout our evolution on this planet. • Energy in engine fuel: power automobiles, heat homes, manufacture products, generate electricity … The fossil fuels: coal, natural gas, and oil supply most of the energy used globally (86% in the United States). • These resources evolved hundreds of millions of years ago. • Since the beginning of the machine age, industrial societies have become increasingly dependent on fossil fuels

Various forms of energy consumed in the United States since 1850. QBtu means quadrillion British thermal units 100 sE8面i Hydroelectric A:5~-…- Nuclear electric Geothermal 18501860187018801890190019101920193019401950196019701980199020002010 Figure 1.1 Various forms of energy consumed in the us since 1850

Various forms of energy consumed in the United States since 1850. QBtu means quadrillion British thermal units. Figure 1.1 Figure 1.1 Various forms of energy consumed in the US since 1850

Tetrawatt(102V 6 fossil Gas Nuclear 0 70 75 Energy Consumption in the World

Energy Consumption in the World Tetrawatt (1012 W) fossil fuel

Why should we be concerned that so much of our energy is coming from fossil fuels? First. the fossil fuel resource is limited in amount On a global scale, we will have some coal for a few centuries, but natural gas and oil will be in short supply in only a few decades 300 United States O100 Founded Pyramids Roman Middle Built Empire Ag 500040003000-2000-10000+1000+2000+3000+4000+5000 Years before and after present a relatively brief time in the 10,000 year period shown centered around the only Figure 1.2 The complete exploitation of the world s fossil fuels will spar present

Why should we be concerned that so much of our energy is coming from fossil fuels? First, the fossil fuel resource is limited in amount. On a global scale, we will have some coal for a few centuries, but natural gas and oil will be in short supply in only a few decades. Figure 1.2 The complete exploitation of the world’s fossil fuels will span only a relatively brief time in the 10,000 year period shown centered around the present

Why should we be concerned that so much of our energy is coming from fossil fuels? Second, unintended environmental consequences result from the extensive scale of our use of the fossil fuels Air pollution, health problems, and global climate changes Can we find solutions to these problems of resource depletion and environmental pollution? The purpose of this course: to gain understanding concerning the essential points

Why should we be concerned that so much of our energy is coming from fossil fuels? Second, unintended environmental consequences result from the extensive scale of our use of the fossil fuels. Air pollution, health problems, and global climate changes. Can we find solutions to these problems of resource depletion and environmental pollution? The purpose of this course: to gain understanding concerning the essential points

2. Why Do We(Us)Use so Much Energy? We don't use our energy resources as efficiently as we could There is a large discrepancy between the rate of energy use by a typical citizen of an industrialized society and the typical citizen of a developing coun 40.000 Switzerland United States 30.000 Iceland g20,.00 Germany Belgium Canada Italy 10,000 e Poland oC.ECUador 10 60 Barrels of oil/capita Figure 1.3 The Gross Domestic Product(GDP)per capita in U.S. dollars compared to the total energy consumed per capita in equivalent barrels of oil for several countries

2. Why Do We (US) Use So Much Energy? We don’t use our energy resources as efficiently as we could. There is a large discrepancy between the rate of energy use by a typical citizen of an industrialized society and the typical citizen of a developing country. Figure 1.3 The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita in U.S. dollars is compared to the total energy consumed per capita in equivalent barrels of oil for several countries

$45,000 $40,000 Japan◆ USA $35,000 $30000 UK Canada 25000 Germany ◆ France Australia $20,000 $15000 Spain Korea 10000 Argentina World average 5000 ◆ South Africa o China A◆◆ 8 kW/capita GDP/capita -$ 4,000

GDP/capita ~ $ 4,000

To pursue a higher standard OT lIvIng We don't use our energy Figure 1.4 Horsepower per resources as efficiently as capita of all prime movers in the we could US Since 1850 The combustion of a single pound of coal, supposing it to take place in minute, is equivalent to the work of three hundred horses: and Nonautomotive the force set free in the burning of 300 pounds of coal is equivalent 0.38 to the work of an able-bodied man for a lifetime quote from an early physics textbook 1850 1870 1910 1950 1970 2010

We don’t use our energy resources as efficiently as we could. To pursue a higher standard of living Figure 1.4 Horsepower per capita of all prime movers in the US since 1850.. 0.38 The combustion of a single pound of coal, supposing it to take place in minute, is equivalent to the work of three hundred horses; and the force set free in the burning of 300 pounds of coal is equivalent to the work of an able-bodied man for a lifetime. - quote from an early physics textbook

3. Energy Basics Energy: the capacity to do work Work: the product of force times the distance through which the force acts Both the force and the distance must have nonzero values if work is to be done Forms of Energy: Chemical Energy: energy stored in certain chemicals or materials that can be released by chemical reaction often combustion Heat Energy: energy associated with random molecular motions within any medium. Heat energy is related to the concept of temperature Mass Energy: mass-energy equivalence discovered by albert Einstein is the concept that the mass of a body is a measure of its energy content E=mc2(△E=△mc2), Nuclear reactions in the sun D+ T-He n+ Energy, with 7%less mass, 4 million tons of Hydrogen/second

3. Energy Basics Energy: the capacity to do work Work: the product of force times the distance through which the force acts. Both the force and the distance must have nonzero values if work is to be done. Forms of Energy: Chemical Energy: energy stored in certain chemicals or materials that can be released by chemical reaction, often combustion. Heat Energy: energy associated with random molecular motions within any medium. Heat energy is related to the concept of temperature. Mass Energy: mass–energy equivalence discovered by Albert Einstein is the concept that the mass of a body is a measure of its energy content. E = mc2 (ΔE = Δ mc2), Nuclear reactions in the sun: D + T → He + n + Energy, with 7% less mass, 4 million tons of Hydrogen/second