复旦大学：《能源与环境 Energy and the Environment》教学课件_2_The Fossil Fuels

The fossil fuels

The Fossil Fuels

1 Introduction Our reliance on fossil fuel Oi-38% is overwhelming We will explore how each fuel was formed. the Coal Gas history of its use and esource development and projections for its use the future Petroleum Hydroelectric Nuclear 0 1op thermal Natural gas Coa Shale oil Tar sand 2004 World Wide Energy Sources

1. Introduction 2004 World Wide Energy Sources Our reliance on fossil fuel is overwhelming. We will explore how each fuel was formed, the history of its use and resource development, and projections for its use in the future. Petroleum Natural gas Coal Shale oil Tar sand

2. Petroleum Petroleum is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. It includes liquid crude oil and natural gas liquid as well as the common fuels propane and butane Formation of petroleum The energy input to the fossil fuels came to the earth hundreds of millions of years ago as radiant energy The radiant energy was captured in plant life on earth through photosynthesis The plant and animal matter in the ancient sea accumulated and decomposed under the cover of sand or mud which created conditions of high temperature and pressure and low oxygen level Hydrocarbon molecules were created in this way, some of them solid some of them liquid, and some of them gas

2. Petroleum Petroleum is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the earth consisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, plus other organic compounds. It includes liquid crude oil and natural gas liquid as well as the common fuels propane and butane. Formation of petroleum • The energy input to the fossil fuels came to the earth hundreds of millions of years ago as radiant energy. • The radiant energy was captured in plant life on earth through photosynthesis. • The plant and animal matter in the ancient sea accumulated and decomposed under the cover of sand or mud which created conditions of high temperature and pressure and low oxygen level. • Hydrocarbon molecules were created in this way, some of them solid, some of them liquid, and some of them gas

The liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons could travel rather large distance in the porous sedimentary rock. Under the influence of the geologic structures and gravity, some of the hydrocarbon material accumulated in the geologic traps. Porous Figure 2.1 A typical geologic formation in which oil and natural gas are found The gas if found above the oil, and the oil above water, all interspersed in a porous formation

Figure 2.1 A typical geologic formation in which oil and natural gas are found. The gas if found above the oil, and the oil above water, all interspersed in a porous formation. • The liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons could travel rather large distance in the porous sedimentary rock. Under the influence of the geologic structures and gravity, some of the hydrocarbon material accumulated in the geologic traps

Exploration of petroleum deposits One of the geophysical exploration methods: sound waves from an explosion or from vibrating weights are sent down to the earth Sound waves can be partially reflected back by the interface between layers of rock with different acoustical properties and read by geophones(地音探测仪) The exploration geologists can determine if an underground geological formation is likely to contain a significant reservoir of petroleum The real proof of an oil or natural gas deposit must be obtained by drilling Only about one commercial well is found in the Us for every nine wildcat (first well drilled in a new area) drillings Then the total amount of the oil that can be extracted from the new area is estimated and added to what is called the proved reserve

Exploration of petroleum deposits • One of the geophysical exploration methods: sound waves from an explosion or from vibrating weights are sent down to the earth. • Sound waves can be partially reflected back by the interface between layers of rock with different acoustical properties and read by geophones （地音探测仪）. • The exploration geologists can determine if an underground geological formation is likely to contain a significant reservoir of petroleum. • The real proof of an oil or natural gas deposit must be obtained by drilling. • Only about one commercial well is found in the US for every nine wildcat (first well drilled in a new area) drillings. • Then the total amount of the oil that can be extracted from the new area is estimated and added to what is called the proved reserve

3. History of the Production of Petroleum in the US Edwin Laurentine drake Colonel" Drake started the whole thing off in 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania The main problem at that time was to find suitable containers for the oil (stone oil, A sb)because the barrels cost more than the oil was worth Refining of the oil produced kerosene煤油 which had a ready market for heating March 29. 1819 Born cooking, and lighting Greenville. New York Died November 9, 1880(aged 61) In 1862. 3 million barrels of oil were Bethlehem, Pennsylvania produced from more than 75 wells in Nationality American Pennsylvania Other names Colonel drake By 1909 the US was producing 500,000 Known for Petroleum exploration barrels per day, more than was being produced by all other countries combined

3. History of the Production of Petroleum in the US Edwin Laurentine Drake Born March 29, 1819 Greenville, New York Died November 9, 1880 (aged 61) Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Nationality American Other names Colonel Drake Known for Petroleum exploration • “Colonel” Drake started the whole thing off in 1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania. • The main problem at that time was to find suitable containers for the oil (stone oil, 石 油) because the barrels cost more than the oil was worth. • Refining of the oil produced kerosene 煤油 which had a ready market for heating, cooking, and lighting. • In 1862, 3 million barrels of oil were produced from more than 75 wells in Pennsylvania. • By 1909 the US was producing 500,000 barrels per day, more than was being produced by all other countries combined

Annual production climbed fairly steadily for 110 years until 1970. This was the year that the Prudhoe Bay field was brought on-line through the Alaskan pipel proved reserves Since 1948 the Us has imported more oil each year 105×109bb than it has exported Drilling for oil in the US has been reduced in the last 25 08501801900 1960 1980 200 2020 2080 years because the chances of producing a paying well Figure 2.2 Annual rate of petroleum production in the have become less US, including Alaska. The rectangle at the right has an area representing the 134 billion barrels estimated to remaining for future production Prudhoe Bay oil field is the largest oil field in North America, originally containing approximately 25 billion barrels of oil

Figure 2.2 Annual rate of petroleum production in the US, including Alaska. The rectangle at the right has an area representing the 134 billion barrels estimated to be remaining for future production. Annual production climbed fairly steadily for 110 years until 1970. This was the year that the Prudhoe Bay field was brought on-line through the Alaskan pipeline. Since 1948 the US has imported more oil each year than it has exported. Drilling for oil in the US has been reduced in the last 25 years because the chances of producing a paying well have become less. Prudhoe Bay oil field is the largest oil field in North America, originally containing approximately 25 billion barrels of oil. Q∞

4 Petroleum resources of the us Qo: the total resource that is available over all time from the beginning of the oil industry to the exhaustion of the resource Economically Recoverable Discovered Produced /ll years Time Figure 2.3 History of cumulative discovery and production of finite resource consumed to depletion. For oil in the us, production has generally followed discovery by about 1 years

4. Petroleum Resources of the US Q∞ : the total resource that is available over all time from the beginning of the oil industry to the exhaustion of the resource. Figure 2.3 History of cumulative discovery and production of finite resource consumed to depletion. For oil in the US, production has generally followed discovery by about 11years. Economically Recoverable

Estimating the total petroleum resource has been an ongoing endeavor of the oil companies as well as of government agencies such as the US Geological Survey(USGs) Table 2.1 estimates of undiscovered recoverable oil and natural gas in the us Natural Gas (Billion Barrels) (Trillion Cubic Feet) Oil Companies Company A(Weeks, 1960) l68 Company B(Hubbert, 1967)a 2164 280-500 Company C(1973)b Company D(1974) 89 450 U.S. Geological Survey Hendricks(1965) 346 1300 Theobald et al. (1972) 1980 McKelvey (1974) 200400 990-2000 Hubbert(1974) UsGS(1975) 61-149 322-655 UsGs(1989) 399 USGS(1995) 93 939 National Academy of Sciences National Research Council (1975) 113 U.SEnergy Information Admin.(105

Estimating the total petroleum resource has been an ongoing endeavor of the oil companies as well as of government agencies such as the US Geological Survey (USGS). Table 2.1 Estimates of Undiscovered Recoverable Oil and Natural Gas in the US. Oil (Billion Barrels) Natural Gas (Trillion Cubic Feet)

As of the end of 2002, a total of 190x109 barrels of crude oil had been produced in the US. When the future resource of 134(105+ 29)x109 barrels is included, a value of 324 x109 barrels is obtained for Q The US is now consuming about 6.7x109 barrels per year of petroleum, so at that rate the oil resource would be completely exhausted in 20 years. ?? After a well stops producing by normal exaction processes, about 70% of the petroleum is left behind the ground Secondary recovery involves pumping either water or gas into the surrounding area to force more oil toward the well (another 15%) Tertiary techniques are used to overcome the two effects that lock the oil in interfacial tension and viscosity Viscosity: CO2 or steam injection Surface tension: detergents injection Enhanced recovery is expensive and can have unfortunate environmental consequences

As of the end of 2002, a total of 190x109 barrels of crude oil had been produced in the US. When the future resource of 134 (105+29) x109 barrels is included, a value of 324 x109 barrels is obtained for Q∞ . The US is now consuming about 6.7x109 barrels per year of petroleum, so at that rate the oil resource would be completely exhausted in 20 years. ??? • After a well stops producing by normal exaction processes, about 70% of the petroleum is left behind the ground. • Secondary recovery involves pumping either water or gas into the surrounding area to force more oil toward the well (another 15%). • Tertiary techniques are used to overcome the two effects that lock the oil in: interfacial tension and viscosity. Viscosity: CO2 or steam injection Surface tension: detergents injection • Enhanced recovery is expensive and can have unfortunate environmental consequences