清华大学：《生物化学》课程PPT教学课件（英文版）Relationships of dna to mrNA to polypeptide chain

ucleus The central DNA ESLeREEAOEs 1. Transcription dogma RNA 2. Posttranscription MRNA A Nuclear membrane mRNA 3. Translation 8 pc 4. Posttranslation Protein folds O Effector 5. Protein activity Y Active protein Function

The central dogma

Relationships of dna to mrnA to polypeptide chain DNA strand that has the same sequence as mRNA ACTGCCCATGGGGCTCAGCGACGGGGAATGGCACTTGGTG DNA TGACGGGTACCCCGAGTCGCTGCCCCTTACCGTGAACCAC DNA strand that is complementary to mRNA The mRNA is synthesized by copying this strand mRNA ACUGCACCAUGGGGCUCAGCGACGGGGAAUGGCACUUGGUG Untranslated Initiation Codons Messenger RNA section signal Protein Met Gly, Leu Ser Asp - Gly -Glu. Trp His Leu . Val Methionine is cleaved during N-terminus of finished protein or after translation in this protein

Relationships of DNA to mRNA to polypeptide chain

The basic principle of transcription NA comras 0 DNA ⊥L TT DNA/RNA pairing TrT5' Ribonucleotides RNA

The basic principle of transcription

The basic principle of translation Free Protein chain of amIno acids A tRNAs carrying amino acids tRNA Codon Messenger RNA Direction for these ribosome amIno advance acids

The basic principle of translation

Gene mutation and evolution Gradual accumulation of mutations over long periods of time results in new biological species, each with a unique dna sequence. Mutations and stabilization of mutations to new species Charles darwin: Unifying evolution theory-the origin of species from a common ancestor

Gene mutation and evolution Gradual accumulation of mutations over long periods of time results in new biological species, each with a unique DNA sequence. Mutations and stabilization of mutations to new species. Charles Darwin: Unifying evolution theory-the origin of species from a common ancestor

D ynamic cells

Dynamic Cells

Gene mutation and evolution Gradual accumulation of mutations over long periods of time results in new biological species, each with a unique dna sequence. Mutations and stabilization of mutations to new species Charles darwin: Unifying evolution theory-the origin of species from a common ancestor

Gene mutation and evolution Gradual accumulation of mutations over long periods of time results in new biological species, each with a unique DNA sequence. Mutations and stabilization of mutations to new species. Charles Darwin: Unifying evolution theory-the origin of species from a common ancestor

A mammalian cell Microfilament Centriole Nucleus Ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum Mitoc hondrion Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosome

A mammalian cell

a plant cell Cewa‖

A plant cell

Ribosomes. Bacterial ribosomes are smaller than protein, ribosomes, but serve the same function- eukary ynthesis from an RNA message. Nucleoid Contains a single simple, long circular DNA molecule Pili Provide points of adhesion to a bacterial face of' .anima cells ce Flavell Propel cell through its surroundings. Cell envelope Structure varies with different ty of bacteria

A bacterial cell