聊城大学：古代世界历史指南（PPT讲稿）Guide to the Ancient and Medieval History

Guide to the Ancient World History

Guide to the Ancient World History

1. History and Historiography 1 Introduction HistOl Broadest sense: is the totality ofall past events limited sense: is the known past Historiography: The written record of What is known ofhuman lives and societies in the past; How historians have attempted to understand them. Historian: To collect and recordfacts about the human past; To discovernew facts

I. History and Historiography 1. Introduction ⚫ History ⚫ Broadest Sense: is the totality of all past events; ⚫ limited Sense: is the known past. ⚫ Historiography: The written record of ⚫ What is known of human lives and societies in the past; ⚫ How historians have attempted to understand them. ⚫ Historian: ⚫ To collect and record facts about the human past; ⚫ To discover new facts

1. History and Historiography 2. Sources and facts Sources Testimony from living witnesses, ● Narrative records ● Previous histories ● Memoirs Letters Imaginative literature

I. History and Historiography 2. Sources and Facts ⚫ Sources ⚫ Testimony from living witnesses; ⚫ Narrative records ⚫ Previous histories ⚫ Memoirs ⚫ Letters ⚫ Imaginative literature;

1. History and Historiography 2. Sources and facts Sources Testimonyfrom living witnesses, The legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious institutions, or businesses; The unwritten information derivedfromthe physicalremains of past civilizations e Architecture Crafts Burial grounds ● Cultivated land

I. History and Historiography 2. Sources and Facts ⚫ Sources ⚫ Testimony from living witnesses; ⚫ The legal and financial records of courts, legislatures, religious institutions, or businesses; ⚫ The unwritten information derived from the physical remains of past civilizations ⚫ Architecture ⚫ Arts ⚫ Crafts ⚫ Burial Grounds ⚫ Cultivated Land

. History and Historiography 2. Sources and facts Sources ● Evidence& Facts Sources provide the evidence o To decipher facts from the evidence

I. History and Historiography 2. Sources and Facts ⚫ Sources ⚫ Evidence & Facts ⚫ Sources provide the evidence ⚫ To decipher facts from the evidence

. History and Historiography 3. Interpretation and Form Interpretation o Selection, arrangement, and explanation ofhistoricalfacts Selection of a subject Historiography and Literary art

I. History and Historiography 3. Interpretation and Form ⚫ Interpretation ⚫ Selection, arrangement, and explanation of historical facts ⚫ Selection of a subject ⚫ Historiography and Literary Art

Civilizations 1. Definition: a developed or advanced state of human society 2. Description People live in urban centers People have productive survival, such as agriculture and smelting metals People have live in the complex political, economic and social structure, under religious and law abiding People have developed a method of writing in all meanings of the word

II. Civilizations 1. Definition: a developed or advanced state of human society 2. Description ⚫ People live in urban centers ⚫ People have productive survival, such as agriculture and smelting metals ⚫ People have live in the complex political, economic and social structure, under religious and law abiding ⚫ People have developed a method of writing in all meanings of the word

lI Why Study Ancient World Cultures? 1. a part of a tradition of intellectual development 2. To Open Our mind We must always guard against the assumption that other people think as we do--or that they should. Reading about ancient cultures is thus reading about other people whose lives were surely different from our own. These differences may help us better to see --and know -the limits of our culture and the limits of our language and experlence. a culture includes both the dominant tradition and its transgression

III. Why Study Ancient World Cultures? 1. A part of a tradition of intellectual development 2. To Open Our Mind ⚫ We must always guard against the assumption that other people think as we do -- or that they should. Reading about ancient cultures is thus reading about other people whose lives were surely different from our own. These differences may help us better to see -- and know -- the limits of our culture and the limits of our language and experience. ⚫ A culture includes both the dominant tradition and its transgression

V. Prehistory 1. Time before written records appeared 2. The Stone Age, the Bronze age, and the Iron age 3. The nature and events of prehistory can be reconstructed through archaeology

IV. Prehistory 1. Time before written records appeared 2. The Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age 3. The nature and events of prehistory can be reconstructed through archaeology

V. Stone Age 1 Introduction Definition: Stone as the principal raw material for tools o 2 500 000 million -5000 years ago Distinguish between human and other animals: stone tool-making and tool-using Beginning of the Stone age

V. Stone Age 1. Introduction ⚫ Definition: Stone as the principal raw material for tools ⚫ 2 500 000 million - 5 000 years ago ⚫ Distinguish between human and other animals: stone tool-making and tool-using ⚫ Beginning of the Stone Age