《全球气候系统与气候变化》（英语版） 4 Ocean's role in climate

Ocean's role in climate

4 Ocean’s role in climate

4. 1 General introduction to ocean physics 4.2 Ocean current 4.3 Air-sea interaction 4.4 Climatic influence 4.5 Thermohaline circulation

4.1 General introduction to ocean physics 4.2 Ocean current 4.3 Air-sea interaction 4.4 Climatic influence 4.5 Thermohaline circulation

Global water reservoirs and fluxes Atmosphere 16 Evapo Precipitation Evaporation Precipitation transpiration.5 Sv 13.5Sy 12.2Sv 2.2sv Land Rivers Oceans 1.3Sv 59000 ,400000 Reservoirs in 103 km3, Fluxes in 106 m3/s(=Sv) Estimates of the global water storage in oceanic, terrestrial, and atmospheric reservoirs and the fluxes among them, after Baumgartner and Reuchel(1975)

The water molecule has a number of unusual properties One of these is that it has a very high heat capacity. Heat capacity is the amount of heat that must be put into one gram of a material in order to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius. Similarly. we might think of it as the amount of heat that escapes from one gram of a material when it cools by one degree Celsius. As its name implies the heat capacity is a measure of the ability of a material to store heat energy when its temperature is raised and to release that same amount of heat energy when it cools

The water molecule has a number of unusual properties. One of these is that it has a very high heat capacity. Heat capacity is the amount of heat that must be put into one gram of a material in order to raise its temperature by one degree Celsius. Similarly, we might think of it as the amount of heat that escapes from one gram of a material when it cools by one degree Celsius. As its name implies, the heat capacity is a measure of the ability of a material to store heat energy when its temperature is raised and to release that same amount of heat energy when it cools

Because of its high heat capacity, the water in the world oceans is an enormous reservoir for thermal energy. It serves to temper world climate, absorbing heat from the Sun in the tropics and redistributing it to more northerly regions via the great ocean currents. For this reason, the Gulf Stream is able to bring its warmth thousands of kilometers from the tropics to the European shores before cooling to the temperatures of Arctic waters

Because of its high heat capacity, the water in the world oceans is an enormous reservoir for thermal energy. It serves to temper world climate, absorbing heat from the Sun in the tropics and redistributing it to more northerly regions via the great ocean currents. For this reason, the Gulf Stream is able to bring its warmth thousands of kilometers from the tropics to the European shores before cooling to the temperatures of Arctic waters

Contrariwise, regions in warm latitudes that are visited by cold ocean currents enjoy a natural form of air conditioning. The delightful climate of the seacoast of California is due to this effect. The circum-Antarctic current travels from west to east, completely encircling the continent of antarctica with a cold current and forming a partial barrier to the transfer of heat from lower latitudes to the frigid Antarctic landmass

Contrariwise, regions in warm latitudes that are visited by cold ocean currents enjoy a natural form of air conditioning. The delightful climate of the seacoast of California is due to this effect. The circum-Antarctic current travels from west to east, completely encircling the continent of Antarctica with a cold current and forming a partial barrier to the transfer of heat from lower latitudes to the frigid Antarctic landmass

Averages and Ranges of Surface Temperatures Latitude N 80 40° 40 60°80° 30r Average 175°c February August 60 10 February August 40 Ocean surface temperatures 30 80 Average 14.5°c 60己 10 January 40 anuary 10 July 3. (b) Land temperatures 30 -20 40 40 20°40°60°80 Latitude

FNMOC OTIS 4.0: SST Analysis(c) 14 Aug 199712Z 024681012141618202224262830 20 180 f20 海洋:巨大的热机

海洋: 巨大的热机

excess 300 absorbed solar energy 200 outgoing terrestrial radiation ← deficit 100 806040 20 406080 S titude

Heat T ransport by Ocean and Atmosphere Oceanic Atmospheric transport 5F transport dominates Total energy transport 4 Atmospheric transport ≥3 2 Oceanic 0 30° 1.0 08 Northern Hemisphere 06 0.4 Southern Hemisphere oceans 0.2 0°10° North or South (b)