麻省理工学院：《Satellite Engineering》Lecture 3 Spacecraft Power Systems

Spacecraft Power Systems David w. miller ohn keesee

Spacecraft Power Systems David W. Miller John Keesee

Electrical Power System EPS Power Energy Power Power Regulation Source Storage Distribution and Control

Electrical Power System Power Source Energy Storage Power Distribution Power Regulation and Control EPS

Power sources Primary batteries Radioisotope Secondary battery Thermionic converter Fuel cell Thermoelectric converter Regenerative fuel cell Photovoltaic Chemical dynamic Solar dynamic Nuclear Flywheel Storage Electrodynamics Tethers Propulsion-charged tether

Power Sources Primary Batteries Radioisotope Secondary Battery Thermionic converter Fuel cell Thermoelectric converter Regenerative fuel cell Photovoltaic Chemical dynamic Solar dynamic Nuclear Flywheel Storage Electrodynamics Tethers Propulsion-charged tether

Power Source applicability NUCLEAR THERMIONICS SOLAR DYNAMIC AND FUEL CELL PHOTOVOLTAIC 风 JCLEAR CHEMICAL DYNAMIC (APUS) A NUCLEAR THERMIONIC OR SOLAR DYNAMIC >》入 PHOTOVOLTAIC OR ISTOTOPE- THERMOELECTRIC PRIMARY MONTI YEAR BATTERIES 1 DAY 10 DAY 6810 0.1 0.1 100 10 10 HOURS pproximate ranges of application of different power sources

Power Source Applicability FUEL CELL CHEMICAL DYNAMIC (APUs) HOURS LOAD POWER (kW)NUCLEAR NUCLEAR THERMIONICS SOLAR DYNAMIC AND PHOTOVOLTAIC NUCLEAR THERMIONIC OR SOLAR DYNAMIC PHOTOVOLTAIC OR ISTOTOPE - THERMOELECTRIC PRIMARY MONTHS YEARS BATTERIES 1 DAY 0.1 0.1 1 10 100 1 1 2 2 4 6 810 3 6 12 10 100 10 3 10 4 10 5 10 DAYS Approximate ranges of application of different power sources

Design Space for rtGs 100 Nuclear reactors d104 5-Year Design Life 10 Chemical The 87-year half-life of Pu-238 results in 96% of the original heat output even after five years Sola Radioisotopes 10 1HOUR 1 DAY 1 MONTH 1 YEAR 10 YEARS Duration of use

Design Space for RTGs 5-Year Design Life % of Original Power Years 50 0 100 1 10 87 The 87-year half-life of Pu-238 results in 96% of the original heat output even after five years Electric - Power Level (kW) Duration of Use 10 MIN 1 HOUR 1 DAY 1 MONTH 1 YEAR 10 YEARS Chemical 10-1 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 Radioisotopes Nuclear reactors Solar

PI Ty rimary Battery iyI pes Silver zinc Lithium sulfur Lithium Lithium dioxide carbon thiony monofluoride chloride Energy density 130 220 210 275 (Wh/kg) Energy density 360 300 320 340 (W h/dm) Op Temp 0-40 -50-75 ?-82 40-70 (deg c) Storage Temp 0-30 0-50 0-10 deg c) Storage Life 30-90 days 10 2 et. 5 yr dry Open circuit 1.6 3.0 30 36 voltage(V/cell) Discharge 2.5 3.2 voltage(v/cell) Manufacturers Eagle Pitcher, Honeywell, Eagle Pitcher Duracell Yardley Power Conver Altus. ITT

Primary Battery Types Silver zinc Lithium sulfur dioxide Lithium carbon monofluoride Lithium thionyl chloride Energy density (W h/kg) 130 220 210 275 Energy density (W h/dm3) 360 300 320 340 Op Temp (deg C) 0-40 -50 – 75 ? – 82 -40 – 70 Storage Temp (deg C) 0 – 30 0 – 50 0 – 10 0 – 30 Storage Life 30-90 days wet, 5 yr dry 10 yr 2 yr 5 yr Open circuit voltage(V/cell) 1.6 3.0 3.0 3.6 Discharge voltage(V/cell) 1.5 2.7 2.5 3.2 Manufacturers Eagle Pitcher, Yardley Honeywell, Power Conver Eagle Pitcher Duracell, Altus, ITT

Silver zinc cells Wide use in industy High energy density, high discharge rate capal ability, fast response Short lifetime Vent gas during discharge Potentially rechargeable but few cycles

Silver Zinc Cells • Wide use in industry • High energy density, high discharge rate capability, fast response • Short lifetime • Vent gas during discharge • Potentially rechargeable but few cycles

Lithium cells Higher energy density than silver zinc Wide temperature range Low discharge rate(high internal Impedance) Rapid discharge may cause rupture Slow response

Lithium cells • Higher energy density than silver zinc • Wide temperature range • Low discharge rate (high internal impedance) – Rapid discharge may cause rupture • Slow response

Secondary battery Types Silver zinc Nickel cadmium Nickel hydrogen nergy densi 90 (Wh/kg) nergy densi 245 60 (Wh/dm) Oper Temp(deg C)10-20 0-20 0-40 Storage Temp(C) 0-30 0-30 0-30 Dry Storage life 5 yr Wet Storage life 30-90 days yr 2 Max cycle life 200 20.000 20.000 Open circuit 1.9 1.35 1.55 (V/cell) Discharge(V/cell) 1.8-1.5 1.25 1.25 Charge(V/cell) 2.0 145 1.50 Manufacturers Eagle-Pitcher Eagle-Pitcher Pitcher, Yardney Gates Aerospace Yardney, Gates Technical Prod Batteries Hughes

Secondary Battery Types Silver zinc Nickel cadmium Nickel hydrogen Energy density (W h/kg) 90 35 75 Energy density (W h/dm3) 245 90 60 Oper Temp (deg C) 0 – 20 0 – 20 0 – 40 Storage Temp (C) 0 – 30 0 – 30 0 – 30 Dry Storage life 5 yr 5 yr 5 yr Wet Storage life 30 – 90 days 2 yr 2 yr Max cycle life 200 20,000 20,000 Open circuit (V/cell) 1.9 1.35 1.55 Discharge (V/cell) 1.8 – 1.5 1.25 1.25 Charge (V/cell) 2.0 1.45 1.50 Manufacturers Eagle￾Pitcher,Yardney Technical Prod Eagle-Pitcher, Gates Aerospace Batteries Eagle-Pitcher, Yardney, Gates, Hughes

Nickel Cadmium cells long space heritage High cycle life, high specific energy Relatively simple charge control systems Battery reconditioning necessary to counteract reduction in output voltage after 3000 cycle es

Nickel Cadmium Cells • Long space heritage • High cycle life, high specific energy • Relatively simple charge control systems • Battery reconditioning necessary to counteract reduction in output voltage after 3000 cycles