麻省理工学院：《Satellite Engineering》Lecture 1 Lesson Objectives

LAUNCH SYSTEMS Col John Keesee 5 September 2003

LAUNCH SYSTEMS Col. John Keesee 5 September 2003

Outline Launch systems characteristics Launch systems selection process Spacecraft design envelope environments

Outline • Launch systems characteristics • Launch systems selection process • Spacecraft design envelope & environments

Lesson obiectives Each student will Understand launch system characteristics, sizing and trade-offs Estimate launch system sizes. staging requirements Be able to select appropriate launch system for a given mission from available systems Be able to estimate spacecraft requirements driven by launch vehicle induced environments Determine costs of launch systems

Lesson Objectives • Each student will • Understand launch system characteristics, sizing and trade-offs. • Estimate launch system sizes, staging requirements. • Be able to select appropriate launch system for a given mission from available systems. • Be able to estimate spacecraft requirements driven by launch vehicle induced environments. • Determine costs of launch systems

Rocket basics fuel in e Thrust Oxidizer in A Throat Thrust eret Aelpe-p) F=ny Specific impulse SD≡ F mg Isp=K where k depends on y and the engine pressure ratio

Rocket Basics Thrust Specific impulse where K depends on J and the engine pressure ratio ( ) f   p ep eA eVe F m M cT Isp K mg Isp F {  me Ve Pe Ae fp Fuel in Oxidizer in Thrust pc Throat

Rocket equation F-m isp aFM M,=M.-mt ve ve ve t dmd △=a=p8-dt △V= g Isp nM。M g Ispenyo=g Ispin R propellant Where R- is the mass ratio Assumes zero losses due to drag and gravity

Rocket Equation Where is the mass ratio (Assumes zero losses due to drag and gravity) m t Mo veh g M veh M m Isp veh M a F    ' V adt Isp g ³ d m dt dt Mo d m d t t t o t f ³ ¸ ¸ ¹ · ¨ ¨ © § ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¹ · ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ © § ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ ¹ · ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ ¨ © §  ' g Isp n R f M g Isp n Mo propellant Mo M V g Isp " n Mo " " R Mo Mf

Rocket Equation( Cont) M-Mielsp g-1=M △/spg Mn=mass of propellant M =initial mass M =final mass Av vehicle velocity change vehicle mass

Rocket Equation (Cont.) Mp Mf e ' V Isp g § © ¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨¨ ·¹¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸¸  1 ª ¬ « « « « « « « º ¼ » » » » » » » Mo 1  e ' V/Isp g § © ¨¨¨¨¨¨ ·¹¸¸¸¸¸¸ ª ¬ « « « « « º ¼ » » » » » M p = mass of propellant M o = initial mass M f = final mass 'V = vehicle velocity change Mveh = vehicle mass

Staging Near burnout. rocket acceleration is diminished because payload mass includes entire launch systems structure Staging removes lower stage structural weight △V;=g1pnx2 Mi =initial mass of rocket including all upper stages and payload Mi=final mass after stage has burned before separation i= stage number △V=∑AV

Staging • Near burnout, rocket acceleration is diminished because payload mass includes entire launch systems structure. • Staging removes lower stage structural weight Moi = initial mass of rocket including all upper stages and payload. Mfi = final mass after stage has burned before separation. i = stage number 'V = ™'Vi 'Vi g Isp "n Moi Mf i § © ¨ ¨ ¨¨ · ¹ ¸ ¸ ¸¸

Staging(Cont) n=payload fraction= payload or 2=Payload Ol Mpavload i mass of payload plus all upper stages Structure fraction a. 4 MM+mtm Ol payload l Msi= mass structure for stage i Mri mass propellant for stage i

Staging (Cont.) O = payload fraction = or Mpayload i = mass of payload plus all upper stages Structure fraction Msi = mass structure for stage i Mpi = mass propellant for stage i Mpayload Mo O i Mpayload moi i O 3 i 1 n O i H si Msi Moi Msi Mpi Msi Mpayload i

Launch vehicle forces V Angle of attack flight path angle cp W ax =g sino+a Do cos a+sina W W W az=g -( +a+Dsin a+ l cos a

Launch Vehicle Forces W L D V x z cp T I D Flight path angle Angle of attack ax g T W sin I  D § © ¨¨ ·¹¸¸ D W cos §©¨D·¹¸ L W sin §©¨D·¹¸ ª ¬ «««« º ¼ »»»» az g cos I D § © ¨¨ ·¹¸¸ D W sin D  L W cos D ª ¬ «««« º¼»»»»

Launch system Selection process Mission needs and objective Mission requirements Altitude Inclination Right ascension of ascending node (raand Payload dimensions Launch system performance, availability, cost, reliabili Fairings Upperstage

Launch System Selection Process • Mission needs and objective • Mission requirements – Altitude – Inclination – Right ascension of ascending node (RAAN) – Payload dimensions • Launch system performance, availability, cost, reliability • Fairings • Upperstage