中国农业大学：《动物遗传学》课程PPT教学课件（双语版）第三章 动物基因组：遗传的染色体基础

hapter 3 Animal Genomics: Chromosome 第三章动物基因组:遗传的染色体基础 口 A cell is c unii oi strucure and uncont细胞是生 有机体基本的结沟单和功单位 日 An aninal c司! consisis of menbrane,cy/ oplasrns qndmυcleυs动物细胞由细瞑、绸迥质和缰衫三部 分构成 a The eukcryoilc chromosome is a threadlike nuclear structure consisTing mainly of a complex oDNA( he genefic materi) and proteins真核生 物染色体是一种纤丝状核结构,主要由DNA复合体及蛋 白质构成

Chapter 3 Animal Genomics: Chromosome 第三章 动物基因组：遗传的染色体基础 ❑ A cell is a unit of structure and function细胞是生命 有机体基本的结构单位和功能单位 ◼ An animal cell consists of membrane, cytoplasms and nucleus 动物细胞由细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核三部 分构成 ◼ The eukaryotic chromosome is a threadlike nuclear structure consisting mainly of a complex of DNA (the genetic material) and proteins真核生 物染色体是一种纤丝状核结构，主要由DNA复合体及蛋 白质构成

本章内容 Outline of the chapter The morphological and structural fearures of chromosone染色体的形态与结构 Chromosonal nurnbe染色体的数目 Chromosomal behaviours染色体的行为 Chromosomal theory of inheritance遗传的染色体学 说 Structural variations of chromosome染色体结构变异 a Variations of chromosome numbers染色体数目变异

本章内容Outline of the chapter ◼ The morphological and structural features of chromosome染色体的形态与结构 ◼ Chromosomal number染色体的数目 ◼ Chromosomal behaviours染色体的行为 ◼ Chromosomal theory of inheritance 遗传的染色体学 说 ◼ Structural variations of chromosome染色体结构变异 ◼ Variations of chromosome numbers 染色体数目变异

The morphological and structura. features of chromosome 染色体的形态与结构 Chromosomes have key morphological and molecular features such as centromere telomere, chromatid, and DNA sequences that designate replication origin染色体具有谴如着丝 粒、端粒、染色单体和作为复制起源的DNA序列等 态和分子特征

The morphological and structural features of chromosome 染色体的形态与结构 ◼ Chromosomes have key morphological and molecular features such as centromere, telomere, chromatid, and DNA sequences that designate replication origin染色体具有诸如着丝 粒、端粒、染色单体和作为复制起源的DNA序列等形 态和分子特征

The morphological features of chromosome 染色体的一般形态 chromatids染色单体 centromere:着丝粒 ams染色体臂 primary constriction初级缢痕 secondary constriction and nucleolar organize次级缢痕和核仁形成区 ◆ satellite随体

The morphological features of chromosome 染色体的一般形态 ◆ chromatids染色单体 ◆ centromere着丝粒 ◆ arms染色体臂 ◆ primary constriction初级缢痕 ◆ secondary constriction and nucleolar organizer次级缢痕和核仁形成区 ◆ satellite随体

secondary constriction次级缢痕 Centromere 着丝粒 (初级缢痕) Satellite 随体 Arms 染色体臂 chromatids染色单体

chromatids染色单体 Centromere 着丝粒 （初级缢痕） Arms 染色体臂 secondary constriction次级缢痕 Satellite 随体

Chromosomal structure 染色体的结控 D小A27% Prorein蛋自质67% ■RNA6%

Chromosomal structure 染色体的结构 ◼ DNA 27% ◼ Protein 蛋白质 67% ◼ RNA 6%

hromosomal structure 怨色体的四级结构 Nucleosome 110A Nucleosome 60A Elementary fibre 110A Chromatin fibre 360A Acidic protein emli loop Chromatid 0.6 um Chromatin fibre 360A

Nuclesome Chromosomal structure 染色体的四级结构

Homologous chromosomes and autosomes 同源染色体与常染色体 a Homologous chromosomes are those chromosomes that occur in pairs and are generally similar in size and shape, one having coming from the male parent and other from the female parent.二倍体中染色体两两配对,配对 的染色体大小、着丝粒位置都是一样的,这样的染色 体称为同源染色体 Chromosomes related to sex determination such as x and y are sex chromosomes and all the other chromosomes in the genome are called autosomes同源染色体中有一对与性别有关, 称为性染瘁,其它染色体称为常染色体

Homologous chromosomes and autosomes 同源染色体与常染色体 ◼ Homologous chromosomes are those chromosomes that occur in pairs and are generally similar in size and shape, one having coming from the male parent and other from the female parent二倍体中染色体两两配对，配对 的染色体大小、着丝粒位置都是一样的，这样的染色 体称为同源染色体 ◼ Chromosomes related to sex determination such as X and Y are sex chromosomes and all the other chromosomes in the genome are called autosomes同源染色体中有一对与性别有关， 称为性染色体，其它染色体称为常染色体

ryotype analysis染色体组型分析 Karyotype: The chromosome constitution of a cell or an individual, chromosomes arranged in order of length and according to position of centromere 根据各个细胞中染色体的长度大小、着丝粒的位置和随 体的有无等因素把它们排列起来,这就是染体组经 (也叫核型 karyogram) Karyotype analysis chromosomes arranged in order of length and according to position of centromere色体组型分折把多对染色体配对再排列 起来进行研究 Significance of Karyotype analysis染色体组型分析 的意义

Karyotype analysis染色体组型分析 ◼ Karyotype: The chromosome constitution of a cell or an individual; chromosomes arranged in order of length and according to position of centromere 根据各个细胞中染色体的长度大小、着丝粒的位置和随 体的有无等因素把它们排列起来，这就是染色体组型 （也叫核型karyogram） ◼ Karyotype analysis chromosomes arranged in order of length and according to position of centromere染色体组型分析:把多对染色体配对再排列 起来进行研究 ◼ Significance of Karyotype analysis染色体组型分析 的意义

正常男性核型(G带) ))cir If >d Di R( (!i:n Normal human male karyotype

Normal human male karyotype 正常男性核型（G带）