同济大学：《环境科学概论》课程教学资源（教案课件）Part 2 Water Resources and Treatment Topic 2 Water pollution 水污染

Environmental Science Part 2:Water Resources and Treatment Topic 2:Water pollution Hongtao WANG Ph.D.,Associate Professor hongtao@tongji.edu.cn College of Environmental Science and Engineering UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development,Tongji University

Hongtao WANG Ph.D., Associate Professor hongtao@tongji.edu.cn College of Environmental Science and Engineering UNEP-Tongji Institute of Environment for Sustainable Development, Tongji University Environmental Science Part 2: Water Resources and Treatment Topic 2: Water pollution

Water pollution Sources of water pollution 1.Definition:Water pollution is any chemical,biological, or physical change in water quality that has harmful effects on living organisms or that makes water unsuitable for desired uses. 2.Types,effects,and sources of water pollution (see Table 1) 3. Self-Purification processes in rivers (Figure 1) 4.Point and non-point sources of water pollution.(Figure 2) s.Eutrophication in Lake from point and non-point sources(Figure 3) 6.Groundwater contamination(Figure 4

Water pollution Sources of water pollution 1. Definition: Water pollution is any chemical, biological, or physical change in water quality that has harmful effects on living organisms or that makes water unsuitable for desired uses. 2. Types, effects, and sources of water pollution (see Table 1) 3. Self-Purification processes in rivers (Figure 1) 4. Point and non-point sources of water pollution. (Figure 2) 5. Eutrophication in Lake from point and non-point sources (Figure 3) 6. Groundwater contamination (Figure 4 )

Table 1 Types,sources and effects of water pollution Major categories Examples Major human Harmful effects of water sources pollutants and sources Infectious agents Bacteria,viruses, Wastes from Diseases protozoa,and human and parasitic worms animals Oxygen demand Animal manure, Sewage,paper Depleting wastes plant debris,etc. mill, dissolved animal feedlots oxygen(DO)in water Inorganic Heavy metallic Surface runoff, Make fresh water chemicals ions(Pb,As),F industrial effluent unusable, .Cl,etc. diseases Organic Pesticides, Surface runoff, Make fresh water chemicals detergents,oil, industrial effluent unusable, carcinogens,etc. diseases

Major categories of water pollutants and sources Examples Major human sources Harmful effects Infectious agents Bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic worms Wastes from human and animals Diseases Oxygen demand wastes Animal manure, plant debris, etc. Sewage, paper mill, animal feedlots Depleting dissolved oxygen(DO) in water Inorganic chemicals Heavy metallic ions (Pb, As), F- ,Cl- , etc. Surface runoff, industrial effluent Make fresh water unusable, diseases Organic chemicals Pesticides, detergents, oil, carcinogens, etc. Surface runoff, industrial effluent Make fresh water unusable, diseases Table 1 Types, sources and effects of water pollution

Table 1 Types,sources and effects of water pollution Major categories Examples Major human Harmful effects of water pollutants sources and sources Plant nutrients NO3,PO3-,NH4", Sewage,manure, Excessive growth etc. Runoff from ind.& of blue,green ag. algae,etc. Sediments Soil,silt Soil erosion in Turbidity,disrupt lands aquatic food webs Radioactive Radioactive Nuclear and coal- Genetic mutation, materials isotopes burning power cancers of iodine,radon plants Heat Increasing water Cooling water from Lower DO level in (thermal pollution temperature thermal power waters,abrupt plants aquaculture growth

Major categories of water pollutants and sources Examples Major human sources Harmful effects Plant nutrients NO3 - , PO4 3- , NH4 +, etc. Sewage, manure, Runoff from ind.& ag. Excessive growth of blue, green algae, etc. Sediments Soil, silt Soil erosion in lands Turbidity, disrupt aquatic food webs Radioactive materials Radioactive isotopes of iodine, radon Nuclear and coal￾burning power plants Genetic mutation, cancers Heat (thermal pollution ) Increasing water temperature Cooling water from thermal power plants Lower DO level in waters, abrupt aquaculture growth Table 1 Types, sources and effects of water pollution

e Figure 19-4 Point and non-NONPOINT SOURCES point sources of water pollution lt is much easier to identify and con- trol point sources than more dispersed non- point sources Hural homes Jrban streets Cropland POINT development SOURCES Factory Wastewater treatment plant Figure 1 Point and Non-point Sources of Water Pollution(1)

Figure 1 Point and Non-point Sources of Water Pollution(1)

Clean Zone Decomposition Zone Septic Zone Recovery Zone Clean Zone 人 人 人 Normal clean water organisms Trash fish Fish absent,fungi Trash fish Normal clean water organisms (Trout,perch,bass (carp,gar sludge worms carp,gar (Trout,perch,bass mayfly.stonefly) leeches) bacteria eeches） mayfly,stonefy) (anaerobic) 8 ppm 8 ppm Dissolved oxygen Oxygensag Biological oxygen demand 2 ppm Direction of flow Point of waste or heat discharge- Time or distance downstream-> Figure19-Diltion and decay of degradable.oxygen-demanding wastes and heatinhxy gen sag curve(orange)and the curve of oxygen demand(blue).Depending on flow rates and the amount of pollutants,streams recover from oxygen-demanding wastes and heat if they are given enough time and are not overloaded. Figure 2 Self-Purification processes in Rivers(3)

Figure 2 Self-Purification processes in Rivers(3)

Discharge of untreated Nitrogen compounds produced by cars municlpal sewage and factories (nitrates and phosphates) norganic fertilizer runoff Discharge of Natural runoff detergents (nitrates and phosphates) (nitrates and (phosphates) phosphates) 义 Manure runoff from teedlots Discharge of treated (nitrates,phosphates municipal sewage (primary and secondary ammonia) 和湿通复 treatment: nitrates and phosphates) 而司 Runoff from streets lawns,and construction m中7 Lake ecosystem lots(nitrates and nutrient overload phosphates) and breakdown of chemical cycling Runoff and erosion Dissolving of (from cultivation, nitrogen oxides mining,construction (from internal combustior and poor land use】 engines and furnaces) Figure 3 Eutrophication in Lake from point and non-point sources(2) rcreational value of the lake

3 Figure 3 Eutrophication in Lake from point and non-point sources(2)

Figure 4 Groundwater contamination Hazardous w injection wll Coal strip Deicing road sall mine runoff Buried gasoline and solvent tanl Gasoline station Cesspool septic tan Water Waste lagoon pumping wel Accidental Leakag casing r aq Discharge Unconfined freshwate Confined aquifer Confined freshwater aquifer Groundwater flow

Figure 4 Groundwater contamination

Climate Change and Water Pollution Climate change-global warming projections include change in precipitation that implicates great change in distribution patterns in the world,too much rain in some areas and too little rain in other areas can increase the risk of water pollution. More intense rainfall can flush more harmful chemicals, plant nutrients,and microorganisms into waterways. Massive flooding can spread disease carrying pathogens by contaminating water supply facilities and wells,and cause lagoons that store animal and other wastes,as well as sewerages that carry both sewer and storm runoff,to overflow and release pollutants into streams

Climate Change and Water Pollution  Climate change—global warming projections include change in precipitation that implicates great change in distribution patterns in the world, too much rain in some areas and too little rain in other areas can increase the risk of water pollution.  More intense rainfall can flush more harmful chemicals, plant nutrients, and microorganisms into waterways.  Massive flooding can spread disease carrying pathogens by contaminating water supply facilities and wells, and cause lagoons that store animal and other wastes, as well as sewerages that carry both sewer and storm runoff, to overflow and release pollutants into streams

Climate Change and Water Pollution Prolonged drought can reduce river flows that assimilates and dilutes wastes. Warmer water temperatures can threaten aquatic ecosystems by reducing dissolved oxygen(DO) levels,and increase the growth of harmful bacteria,and Many other pollution damage

Climate Change and Water Pollution  Prolonged drought can reduce river flows that assimilates and dilutes wastes.  Warmer water temperatures can threaten aquatic ecosystems by reducing dissolved oxygen (DO) levels, and increase the growth of harmful bacteria, and  Many other pollution damage