武汉大学：《物理化学 Physical Chemistry》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿）02 Boyle's Law

Robert boyle, (1627-91) Boyle's Law ln1661 py= constant P

Boye’sLaW g Increasing temperature, T Increasing temperature, T Ralation Volume. v 0 isotherms

Charles(1746-1823) Charles'(Gay-Lussac's )Law = constant×T constant×T in1802

Charles'(Gay-Lussac's)Law E Decreasing Decreasing pressure, p volume. v E的 rpolation Extrapolation 0 273 Tem perature, 8/C Temperature, T/K isobars

constant×nT=nRT gas constant R=8.31451 J K-1 mol-1 perfect gas equation Ideal Gas State Equation

Ideal Gas State Equation

John Dalton(1766-1844) Mixtures of gases Dalton’sLaW TOT Pa PB n rT Mole fractions

Scientific method Constructs Form a hypothesis: an educated guess or logical conclusion from known facts a model compared against all available data and the details developed Approximations N consistent a Theory in mathematical form Not Perfect! always correct for many years a scientific law Reality

Scientific method Form a hypothesis: an educated guess or logical conclusion from known facts. Compared against all available data and the details developed consistent ? a Theory in mathematical form always correct for many years a scientific law Y N Constructs a model Approximations Reality Not Perfect!

Thermodynamics Thermodynamics: Study of static(i.e, stationary) states of matter and how they differ from one another in terms of energetic quantities thermo heat dynamIcs energy patterns of change simple assumptions complex situations definitions a set of rules mathematical framework simple problems

Applications: Batteries(chemical work"gs Heating and cooling building Engine efficiency Biological energy transfer Plant/factory design Insulators and conductors U= mgh Protein structure and folding □U+U heat, sound, light upon impact energy conversion directions of change and molecular stability

James prescott joule the first Law of thermodynamics Heat and work are equivalent forms of ener rgy 1 Calorie= 4,184 Joule In any thermodynamic process, the internal energy of the universe is conserved, as energy is neither created nor destroyed △U universe △U system +△U surroundings 0

1 Calorie = 4.184 Joule