复旦大学：《物理化学》精品课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿）第7章 固态 Solid State

●a Chapter vll solid State Physical Chemistry 20218/21 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan Universit

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 1 Physical Chemistry

●a Chapter vil solid State Chapter VII Solid State we couldn 't live without their mechanical properties. oxide Cayo(Po4)OH2 polymer metal polymer 20218/21 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan University

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 2 Chapter VII Solid State we couldn't live without their mechanical properties… metal polymer oxide polymer Ca10(PO4 ) 6OH2

●a Chapter vil solid State we couldn 't live without their electronic properties 20218/21 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan University

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 3 we couldn't live without their electronic properties…

Physical Chemistry Chapter vil solid State Chemical classification ○ molecular IonIc ○ covalent metallic G olden 2002 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan University

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 4 C M S M a s t e r s : Electronic Structure and Chemistry of Solids. © Mark S. Golden 2002 Chemical classification: molecular ionic covalent metallic

Physical Chemistry Chapter vil solid State Solids Amorphous solids: no repeating pattern, only short range order, extensively disordered- non crystalline Crystals: highly regular arrangement of atoms, ions, molecules- periodic(repeating) correlation with physical properties Regular shapes, Anisotropy: a substance whose physical properties are difference in different directions A sharp melting point Homogeneous 20218/21 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan University

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 5 Solids Amorphous solids: no repeating pattern, only short range order, extensively disordered - non crystalline Crystals: highly regular arrangement of atoms, ions, molecules - periodic (repeating) correlation with physical properties: Regular shapes; Anisotropy: a substance whose physical properties are difference in different directions. A sharp melting point Homogeneous

●a Chapter vil solid State STM下的S晶体 来自于巴基斯坦的黄玉晶体 来自于加拿大魁北克的钙柱石(黄)和透辉石(蓝) 20218/21 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan University

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 6 STM下的Si晶体 来自于巴基斯坦的黄玉晶体 来自于加拿大魁北克的钙柱石（黄）和透辉石（蓝）

●a Chapter vil solid State Early ideas a crystal has flat faces that are at chatacteristic angles to each other o Crystals have symmetry(Kepler)and long range order Spheres and small shapes can be packed to produces regular shapes(Hooke Hauy) 器 灤* 20218/21 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan University

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 7 Early ideas ❖ A crystal has flat faces that are at chatacteristic angles to each other ❖ Crystals have symmetry (Kepler) and long range order ❖ Spheres and small shapes can be packed to produces regular shapes (Hooke, Hauy) ?

●a Chapter vil solid State Group discussion Kepler wondered why snowflakes have 6 corners, never 5 or 7. By considering the packing of polygons in 2 dimensions, demonstrate why pentagons and heptagons shouldn t occur. Empty space not allowed 20218/21 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan University

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 8 Group discussion Kepler wondered why snowflakes have 6 corners, never 5 or 7. By considering the packing of polygons in 2 dimensions, demonstrate why pentagons and heptagons shouldn’t occur. Empty space not allowed

●a Chapter vil solid State All M C Escher works(c)Cordon Art-Baarn-the Netherlands All rights reserved 20218/21 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan University

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 9 All M.C. Escher works (c) Cordon Art-Baarn-the Netherlands. All rights reserved

●a Chapter vil solid State UNIT CELL The LATTICE NP, BASIS/ MOTIF smallest component of the crystal, which when stacked together with pure translational repetition reproduces the CRYSTAL STRUCTURE whole crystal Primitive Cell: simplest cell, contain one lattice point Not necessary have the crystal symmetry 20218/21 Chemistry Departme nt of Fudan University

Physical ChemistryI Chapter VII Solid State 2021/8/21 Chemistry Department of Fudan University 10 Primitive Cell: simplest cell, contain one lattice point Not necessary have the crystal symmetry UNIT CELL = The smallest component of the crystal,which when stacked together with pure translational repetition reproduces the whole crystal