《环境地质学》（双语版） 第七讲 地球内部过程

讲 环境地质学 Environmental Geology 主讲人:万新南教授 Prof wan xinnan 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

环境地质学 Environmental Geology 主讲人：万新南教授 Prof. Wan xinnan

地球内部过程 Plate Tectonics Geologic Tectonics ° Earthquake Tsunamis海啸 and coastal Flooding 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

地球内部过程 • Plate Tectonics • Geologic Tectonics • Earthquake • Tsunamis海啸 and Coastal Flooding

地球内部过程 Earthquake 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

地球内部过程 Earthquake

地球内部过程 Earthquake Oft the teeming浇铸 earth① Is with a kind of colic pinch'd挤压 and vex'd烦恼 By the imprisoning of unruly wind Within her womb发源地; which for enlargement striving抗争 Shakes the old bedlam疯人院 earth and topples down Steeples教堂尖塔 and moss苔- grown towers William Shakespeare 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

地球内部过程 Earthquake Oft the teeming浇铸 earth① Is with a kind of colic pinch'd挤压 and vex'd烦恼 By the imprisoning of unruly wind Within her womb发源地; which for enlargement striving抗争 Shakes the old bedlam疯人院 earth and topples down Steeples教堂尖塔 and moss苔-grown towers. William Shakespeare

地球内部过程 Earthquake This earthquake is not a new thing, replied Pangloss. The town of Lima felt the same shocks in America last year, similar causes produce similar effects, there must certainly be a train of sulfur underground from Lima to Lisbon.. all this is for the best. (2 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

地球内部过程 Earthquake “This earthquake is not a new thing,” replied Pangloss. “The town of Lima felt the same shocks in America last year, similar causes produce similar effects; there must certainly be a train of sulfur underground from Lima to Lisbon... all this is for the best.”②

地球内部过程 Earthquake Fault scarp Fault Faut□ ante Figure 4.4 Simplified diagram of a fault. showing the f or hypocenter (point of' first break along the fault), and the picenter(point on surface directlv above the focus), Seismic waves dissipate the energy released by the earthquake as they travel away from the fault zone. Fault sarp is clill formed along the fault plane at ground surface: fault trace is the line along Figure 4.1 (A) Damage from the 198) loma Prieta hich the fault plane intersects the ground surlace California (/) Overturned section of Hanshin E xpress National Highway 3. eastern Kobe. This expressway was built freeways are.o then-existing seismie design standards. Elevates 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

地球内部过程 Earthquake

地球内部过程 Earthquake Epicenter震中 and focus震源: When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves travel in all directions from the focus, the region where the earthquake's energy originates. The foci焦距、震源 of most earthquakes are concentrated in the earth's crust which is about 50 km thick under continents. Earthquakes are classified according to focal depths a)0-60 km are shallow, b)60-300 km are intermediate and c)deep earthquakes may reach depths of 700 km. The epicenter of an earthquake is the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

地球内部过程 Earthquake Epicenter震中 and Focus震源: When an earthquake occurs, seismic waves travel in all directions from the focus, the region where the earthquake's energy originates. The foci焦距、震源 of most earthquakes are concentrated in the earth's crust, which is about 50 km thick under continents. Earthquakes are classified according to focal depths a) 0-60 km are shallow, b) 60-300 km are intermediate, and c) deep earthquakes may reach depths of 700 km. The epicenter of an earthquake is the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus.

地球内部过程 Earthquake Epicenter震中 and Focus震源:(中国人发明的地震仪) The scientific study of earthquakes began with the chinese as early as 132 A.D. Chang Heng a chinese astronomer and mathematician, invented an earthquake weathercock /xlt, an instrument consisting of an array of loosely held balls in the mouths of eight dragons facing at angles of 45 from one another. An internal mechanism, activated by even a slight tremor, opened the mouth of a dragon releasing a ball which fell into the open mouth of a toad#s s below, sounding an alarm The direction of the earthquake could be determined by the orientation of the empty-mouthed dragon 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

地球内部过程 Earthquake Epicenter震中 and Focus震源: (中国人发明的地震仪） The scientific study of earthquakes began with the Chinese as early as 132 A.D. Chang Heng, a Chinese astronomer and mathematician, invented an earthquake weathercock风标, an instrument consisting of an array of loosely held balls in the mouths of eight dragons facing at angles of 45° from one another. An internal mechanism, activated by even a slight tremor, opened the mouth of a dragon, releasing a ball which fell into the open mouth of a toad蟾蜍below, sounding an alarm. The direction of the earthquake could be determined by the orientation of the empty-mouthed dragon

地球内部过程 Earthquake Epicenter震中 and Focus震源 Until the 18th century, few factual descriptions of earthquakes were recorded, and the natural cause of earthquakes was unknown. One popular theory in the Dark Ages was that earthquakes were cause by air rushing out of caverns deep in the interior. Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the Pacific Ocean and in other tectonically active areas. The epicenters outline the moving lithospheric plates Coud,1980) 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

地球内部过程 Earthquake Epicenter震中 and Focus震源: Until the 18th century, few factual descriptions of earthquakes were recorded, and the natural cause of earthquakes was unknown. One popular theory in the Dark Ages was that earthquakes were cause by air rushing out of caverns deep in the interior. Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the Pacific Ocean and in other tectonically active areas. The epicenters outline the moving lithospheric plates (Cloud, 1980)

地球内部过程 Earthquake Epicenter震中 and Focus震源 An earthquake is frightening as well as destructive. Most people who have ived in California a long time have felt an earthquake. l was in the army in 1961, stationed at fort ord, cA, when at 11: 23 P. M. on april 18, the earth moved My three-story barracks E was shaken in such a way that it caused all the beds to vibrate up and down. The lights were turned on and we could see the ceiling and floor moving laterally. The vertical columns were tilting back and forth, and it seemed there was a possibility that the entire barracks could collapse. The trembling lasted for a few seconds; then a minute later the process repeated. Many soldiers slept out on the lawn for the rest of the night! The earthquake was magnitude 5.6, and the epicenter was 30 km away 环境迪顶学 minoucntalocelogu ,率

地球内部过程 Earthquake Epicenter震中and Focus震源: An earthquake is frightening as well as destructive. Most people who have lived in California a long time have felt an earthquake. I was in the Army in 1961, stationed at Fort Ord, CA, when at 11:23 P.M. on April 18, the earth moved. My three-story barracks兵营was shaken in such a way that it caused all the beds to vibrate up and down. The lights were turned on and we could see the ceiling and floor moving laterally. The vertical columns were tilting back and forth, and it seemed there was a possibility that the entire barracks could collapse. The trembling lasted for a few seconds; then a minute later the process repeated. Many soldiers slept out on the lawn for the rest of the night! The earthquake was magnitude 5.6, and the epicenter was 30 km away