西安建筑科技大学：《水资源利用与保护》参考资料_Wastewater as a resource_Wastewater as a resource

WASTEWATER AS A RESOURCE WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS Hallvard odegaard NINU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard WASTEWATER AS A RESOURCE - WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS Hallvard Ødegaard Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology N-7491 Trondheim, Norway

DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 1850 1950 2000 2050 Sanitary Engineering Environmental Engineering Water Environm. Management Hygiene in focus Pollution control in focus Water reuse in focus Cholera epidemic 1850. Secondary treatm., 1950. Growth limited by water Chlorination, 1900 P-removal, 1970 Extensive ww treatment Wastewater collection. Reuse for crop irrigation Reuse of ww for irrigation Sewage farms N-removal 1990 Urban water reuse Primary treatment Sludge on farmland Productification of sludge Deep-sea outfalls · Alternativ systems-reuse· Utilisation of ww heat Water use- supply driven Water use -demond driven NINU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard DEVELOPMENT OF WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT 1850 1950 2000 2050 Sanitary Engineering Environmental Engineering Water Environm. Management Hygiene in focus Pollution control in focus Water reuse in focus • Cholera epidemic 1850 • Chlorination, 1900 • Wastewater collection • Sewage farms • Primary treatment • Deep-sea outfalls • Secondary treatm., 1950 • P-removal, 1970 • Reuse for crop irrigation • N-removal, 1990 • Sludge on farmland • Alternativ systems-reuse • Growth limited by water • Extensive ww treatment • Reuse of ww for irrigation • Urban water reuse • Productification of sludge • Utilisation of ww heat Water use — supply driven Water use — demond driven

WASTEWATER FARMS The sewage farm(see Melbourne wwtp below) is an example of minimal discharge based on"assimilative" and"self-purification"of soil and vegetation. Farming cattle brings food back to the city bred on the waste from it. but enormous areas close to the city required NINU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard WASTEWATER FARMS The sewage farm (see Melbourne wwtp below) is an example of minimal discharge based on “assimilative” and “self-purification” of soil and vegetation. Farming cattle brings food back to the city bred on the waste from it. But enormous areas close to the city required

REUSE OF THE TREATED WATER In most regions of Europe the use of water has been Supply driven Price of water low In the future water use in many regions in Europe will be Demand driven Price of water will increase Extensive treatment of wastewater cost effective NINU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard REUSE OF THE TREATED WATER In most regions of Europe the use of water has been : Supply driven Price of water low In the future water use in many regions in Europe will be : Demand driven Price of water will increase Extensive treatment of wastewater cost effective

SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER SYSTEMS Two schools factor The present centralized Agriculture system should be replaced by alternative systems based on local handling 自日 2. The present centralized URban landscape system is the only realistic one, but it should Domestic/commerci be modified to be in agree Wastewater treatment ment with sustainable Groundw a ter recharge development Water treatment Industrial 几 The resources Surface water wastewater must be utilized NINU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard SUSTAINABLE URBAN WATER SYSTEMS Two schools : 1. The present centralized system should be replaced by alternative systems based on local handling 2. The present centralized system is the only realistic one, but it should be modified to be in agree￾ment with sustainable development The resources in wastewater must be utilized ! Water treatment Industrial Domestic/commercial Wastewater treatment Groundwater recharge Urban landscape Agriculture Groundwater Surface water Sludge “factory

a The urban water cycle in a centralized system A typical single system of today. A possible dual system in future A mixture of useful C, P, N)and Biological cycle kept apart from harmful constituents(Me, Aox) the technical cycle The biological cycle The technical cycle The biological cycle The technical cycle 学目 Agriculture Stormwater zmmwvatet water NINU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard The urban water cycle in a centralized system A typical single system of today. A mixture of useful (C,P,N) and harmful constituents (Me, AOX) A possible dual system in future Biological cycle kept apart from the technical cycle

SOURCE SEPARATION OF URBAN WASTEWATER INA DECENTRALISED SYSTEM Most of the nutrients is found Can urine be brought directly in urine and faeces. Separation back to the country-side? of toilet waste is being considered 44 apartments Figure 4. Diagram of th hoyden wastewater trea bybee daet UV-filter Three- Holding tanks componen septic tank Biological NINU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard SOURCE SEPARATION OF URBAN WASTEWATER IN A DECENTRALISED SYSTEM Can urine be brought directly back to the country-side? Most of the nutrients is found in urine and faeces. Separation of toilet waste is being considered

NATUREBASED OR PROCESSBASED PLANTS FOR ON-SITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS LOW-TECH" NATURBASED HIGH-TECH" PROCESSBASED NINU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard NATUREBASED OR PROCESSBASED PLANTS FOR ON-SITE WASTEWATER SYSTEMS ? ”LOW-TECH” NATURBASED ”HIGH-TECH” PROCESSBASED

a NATURBASED SOLUTIONS There is considerable interest in constructed wetlands for small plants (on-site plants) bur relatively little documentation on their performance Slamayskiller St ot bel aster For delingssystem I soleringslag Jordoverdekning 补Nry TYPICAL CONSTRUCTED Utley WETLAND FILTER Vertikalstr omning Horisontal str omning IN NORWAY Jtlopssone NINU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard Nivåkum Utløp Slamavskiller Støtbelaster Utløpssone I soleringslag Vekstsjikt Fordelingssystem Jordoverdekning Vertikalstrømning Horisontalstrømning TYPICAL CONSTRUCTED WETLAND FILTER IN NORWAY NATURBASED SOLUTIONS There is considerable interest in constructed wetlands for small plants (on-site plants) bur relatively little documentation on their performance

PROCESSBASED ON-SITE PLANTS Norwegian SBR-plant Japanese Johkasou (activated sludge (based on biofilm) 沙刂 LR NINU- Norwegian University of Science and Technology Prof Hallvard Odegaard Dep Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering

NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology Dep. Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering Prof. Hallvard Ødegaard PROCESSBASED ON-SITE PLANTS Norwegian SBR-plant Japanese Johkasou (activated sludge) (based on biofilm)