北京大学：《气候影响评价》课程教学资源（PPT课件讲稿，英文版）ClimateImpact-chp02-02

Chapter 2 Chap 2 Climate and Its Change Background Knowledge 2.1 Climate and climate system 2.2 Climate changes 2.3 Climate models and its applications 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts I of 71

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 1 of 71 Chap. 2 Climate and Its Change --Background Knowledge 2.1 Climate and climate system 2.2 Climate changes 2.3 Climate models and its applications

Chapter 2 Chap 2 Climate and Its Change Background Knowledge 2.1 Climate and climate system 2.1.1 Understanding of climate 2.1.2 Climate system 2.1.3 Processes in climate system 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 2 of 71

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 2 of 71 Chap. 2 Climate and Its Change --Background Knowledge 2.1 Climate and climate system 2.1.1 Understanding of climate 2.1.2 Climate system 2.1.3 Processes in climate system

Chapter 2 2.1.1 Understanding of Climate 古典气候学 现代气候学 研究对象 候因子 气候系统 研究内容气候状态 气候变化 研究方法描述、统计 定量、模型 观测手段地面、高空观测气象卫星 时间尺度100-104年 100-109 空间尺度局地、全球局地到全球连续 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 3 of 71

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 3 of 71 2.1.1 Understanding of Climate 古典气候学 现代气候学 研究对象 气候因子 气候系统 研究内容 气候状态 气候变化 研究方法 描述、统计 定量、模型 观测手段 地面、高空观测 气象卫星 时间尺度 100 -104年 100 -109年 空间尺度 局地、全球 局地到全球连续

Chapter 2 2.1.2 Climate System 1. Definition of a system 现代汉语辞典:同类事物按一定的关系组成的 整体 物理学:各成分按某种方式合成一个整体协同 动作(质量)能量) 2. Classification of a system Isolated system Close system Open system 202 Cascade systemssment of climate/change impacts 4 of 71

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 4 of 71 2.1.2 Climate System 1. Definition of a system 现代汉语辞典：同类事物按一定的关系组成的 整体。 物理学：各成分按某种方式合成一个整体协同 动作（质量/能量）。 2. Classification of a system Isolated system Close system Open system Cascade system

Chapter 2 2.1.2 Climate System 3. Definition of climate system Interactions of 5 maior components the atmosphere: greenhouse effect the hydrosphere: water cycle, heat regulator the cryosphere: high reflectivity, low thermal conductivity and inertia the land surface: radiation, thermal, hydrological dynamic the biosphere: carbon cycle, climate indicator 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 5of71

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 5 of 71 2.1.2 Climate System 3. Definition of climate system Interactions of 5 major components • the atmosphere: greenhouse effect • the hydrosphere: water cycle, heat regulator • the cryosphere: high reflectivity, low thermal conductivity and inertia • the land surface: radiation, thermal, hydrological, dynamic • the biosphere : carbon cycle, climate indicator

Chapter 2 2.1.2 Climate System Examples of interactions/processes Atmosphere-ocean: heat, water, dynamic Land use/cover change -atmosphere: radiation water. heat Biosphere-atmosphere carbon cycle, indicator 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 6 of 71 2.1.2 Climate System Examples of interactions/processes Atmosphere-ocean: heat, water, dynamic Land use/cover change –atmosphere: radiation, water, heat Biosphere-atmosphere : carbon cycle, indicator

Chapter 2 4. Nature of a climate system Temporary scale: pp 8-11 Kinetic energy: 5 days Latent heat: 1l days Internal energy: 3 months References 林本达,黄建平.动力气候学引论,气象出版社, 1994,pp 8-11 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 7 of 71 4. Nature of a climate system Temporary scale: pp.8-11 • Kinetic energy: 5 days • Latent heat: 11 days • Internal energy: 3 months References: 林本达，黄建平. 动力气候学引论，气象出版社， 1994, pp8-11

Chapter 2 2.1.2 Climate System 4. Nature of a climate system TThermal energy budget Dynamical movement, boundary Hydrological water circulation Chemical carbon circle 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 8of71

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 8 of 71 2.1.2 Climate System 4. Nature of a climate system • Thermal energy budget • Dynamical movement, boundary • Hydrological water circulation • Chemical carbon circle

Chapter 2 Thermal features of components Mass Specific Heat heat capacity (/kg C)(MJ/C) Atmosphere 5.3*1015 10 5.3*1015 Hydrosphere8.7*10164.19*1033645*1016 Land 3*10150.79*103238*1015 surface Ratio of mass:1: 164: 0.55 Ratio of heat capacity: 1: 68.8: 0.45 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 9of71

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 9 of 71 Thermal features of components Mass (t) Specific heat (J/kg oC) Heat capacity (MJ/oC) Atmosphere 5.3*1015 103 5.3*1015 Hydrosphere 8.7*1016 4.19*103 36.45*1016 Land surface 3*1015 0.79*103 2.38*1015 Ratio of mass: 1:16.4:0.55 Ratio of heat capacity: 1:68.8:0.45

Chapter 2 2.1.3 Processes in climate system 1. Energy budget in climate system Radiation budget Radiative forcing for climate change Observed global radiation budget Energy budget 2. Ocean-atmosphere: ENSO 3. Land surface-atmosphere 4. Chemical Processes 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 10of71

Chapter 2 2021/2/22 Assessment of climate/change impacts 10 of 71 2.1.3 Processes in climate system 1. Energy budget in climate system • Radiation budget • Radiative forcing for climate change • Observed global radiation budget • Energy budget 2. Ocean-atmosphere: ENSO 3. Land surface-atmosphere 4. Chemical Processes