上海交通大学：《宪政与人权》课程教学资源_外国宪法文件_叙利亚宪法英文

叙利亚宪法（英文） ICL Document Status:13 March 1973 Preamble The Arab nation managed to perform a great role in building human civilization when it was a unified nation.When the ties of its national cohesion weakened,its civilizing role receded and the waves of colonial conquest shattered the Arab nation's unity,occupied its territory,and plundered its resources.Our Arab nation has withstood these challenges and rejected the reality of division,exploitation,and backwardness out of its faith in its ability to surmount this reality and return to the arena of history in order to play,together with the other liberated nations,its distinctive role in the construction of civilization and progress.With the close of the first half of this century,the Arab people's struggle has been expanding and assuming greater importance in various countries to achieve liberation from direct colonialism. The Arab masses did not regard independence as their goal and the end of their sacrifices,but as a means to consolidate their struggle,and

叙利亚宪法（英文） { ICL Document Status： 13 March 1973 } Preamble The Arab nation managed to perform a great role in building human civilization when it was a unified nation. When the ties of its national cohesion weakened， its civilizing role receded and the waves of colonial conquest shattered the Arab nation‘s unity， occupied its territory， and plundered its resources. Our Arab nation has withstood these challenges and rejected the reality of division， exploitation， and backwardness out of its faith in its ability to surmount this reality and return to the arena of history in order to play， together with the other liberated nations， its distinctive role in the construction of civilization and progress. With the close of the first half of this century，the Arab people’s struggle has been expanding and assuming greater importance in various countries to achieve liberation from direct colonialism. The Arab masses did not regard independence as their goal and the end of their sacrifices， but as a means to consolidate their struggle， and

as an advanced phase in their continuing battle against the forces of imperialism,Zionism,and exploitation under the leadership of their patriotic and progressive forces in order to achieve the Arab nation's goals of unity,freedom,and socialism. In the Syrian Arab region,the masses of our people continued their struggle after independence.Through their progressive march they were able to achieve their big victory by setting off the revolution of 8 March 1963 under the leadership of the Socialist Arab Baath Party,which has made authority an instrument to serve the struggle for the construction of the United Socialist Arab society. The Socialist Arab Baath Party is the first movement in the Arab homeland which gives Arab unity its sound revolutionary meaning, connects the nationalist with the socialist struggle,and represents the Arab nation's will and aspirations for a future that will bind the Arab nation with its glorious past and will enable it to carry out its role in achieving victory for the cause of freedom of all the peoples. Through the party's militant struggle,the 16 Nov 1970 corrective movement responded to our people's demands and aspirations.This corrective movement was an important qualitative development and a

as an advanced phase in their continuing battle against the forces of imperialism， Zionism， and exploitation under the leadership of their patriotic and progressive forces in order to achieve the Arab nation‘s goals of unity， freedom， and socialism. In the Syrian Arab region， the masses of our people continued their struggle after independence. Through their progressive march they were able to achieve their big victory by setting off the revolution of 8 March 1963 under the leadership of the Socialist Arab Baath Party， which has made authority an instrument to serve the struggle for the construction of the United Socialist Arab society. The Socialist Arab Baath Party is the first movement in the Arab homeland which gives Arab unity its sound revolutionary meaning ， connects the nationalist with the socialist struggle， and represents the Arab nation‘s will and aspirations for a future that will bind the Arab nation with its glorious past and will enable it to carry out its role in achieving victory for the cause of freedom of all the peoples. Through the party‘s militant struggle， the 16 Nov 1970 corrective movement responded to our people’s demands and aspirations. This corrective movement was an important qualitative development and a

faithful reflection of the party's spirit,principles,and objectives.It created the appropriate atmosphere for the fulfillment of a number of significant projects in the interest of our large masses,primarily the emergence of the state of the Confederation of Arab Republics in response to the call for unity,which figures prominently in the Arab conscience,which was buttressed by the joint Arab struggle against imperialism and Zionism regionalist disputes and separatist movements,and which was confirmed by the contemporary Arab revolution against domination and exploitation. Under the aegis of the corrective movement,an important stop was taken on the road leading to the consolidation of national unity for our popular masses.Under the leadership of the socialist Arab Baath Party, a national and progressive front with developed conceptions emerged in such a manner as to meet our people's needs and interests and proceed toward unifying the instrument of the Arab revolution in a unified political organization. The completion of this Constitution crowns our people's struggle on the road of the principle of popular democracy,is a clear guide for the people's march toward the future and a regulator of the movement of the state and its various institutions,and is a source of its legislation

faithful reflection of the party‘s spirit， principles， and objectives. It created the appropriate atmosphere for the fulfillment of a number of significant projects in the interest of our large masses， primarily the emergence of the state of the Confederation of Arab Republics in response to the call for unity， which figures prominently in the Arab conscience， which was buttressed by the joint Arab struggle against imperialism and Zionism ， regionalist disputes ， and separatist movements ， and which was confirmed by the contemporary Arab revolution against domination and exploitation. Under the aegis of the corrective movement， an important stop was taken on the road leading to the consolidation of national unity for our popular masses. Under the leadership of the socialist Arab Baath Party， a national and progressive front with developed conceptions emerged in such a manner as to meet our people‘s needs and interests and proceed toward unifying the instrument of the Arab revolution in a unified political organization. The completion of this Constitution crowns our people‘s struggle on the road of the principle of popular democracy， is a clear guide for the people’s march toward the future and a regulator of the movement of the state and its various institutions， and is a source of its legislation

The Constitution is based on the following major principles: 1)The comprehensive Arab revolution is an existing and continuing necessity to achieve the Arab nation's aspirations for unity, freedom,and socialism.The revolution in the Syrian Arab region is part of the comprehensive Arab revolution.Its policy in all areas stems from the general strategy of the Arab revolution. 2)Under the reality of division,all the achievements by any Arab country will fail to fully achieve their scope and will remain subject to distortion and setback unless these achievements are buttressed and preserved by Arab unity.Likewise,any danger to which any Arab country may be exposed on the part of imperialism and Zionism is at the same time a danger threatening the whole Arab nation. 3)The march toward the establishment of a socialist order besides being a necessity stemming from the Arab society's needs,is also a fundamental necessity for mobilizing the potentialities of the Arab masses in their battle with Zionism and imperialism. 4)Freedom is a sacred right and popular democracy is the ideal

The Constitution is based on the following major principles： 1 ） The comprehensive Arab revolution is an existing and continuing necessity to achieve the Arab nation‘s aspirations for unity， freedom， and socialism. The revolution in the Syrian Arab region is part of the comprehensive Arab revolution. Its policy in all areas stems from the general strategy of the Arab revolution. 2） Under the reality of division， all the achievements by any Arab country will fail to fully achieve their scope and will remain subject to distortion and setback unless these achievements are buttressed and preserved by Arab unity. Likewise ， any danger to which any Arab country may be exposed on the part of imperialism and Zionism is at the same time a danger threatening the whole Arab nation. 3） The march toward the establishment of a socialist order besides being a necessity stemming from the Arab society‘s needs， is also a fundamental necessity for mobilizing the potentialities of the Arab masses in their battle with Zionism and imperialism. 4） Freedom is a sacred right and popular democracy is the ideal

formulation which insures for the citizen the exercise of his freedom which makes him a dignified human being capable of giving and building,defending the homeland in which he lives, and making sacrifices for the sake of the nation to which he belongs.The homeland's freedom can only be preserved by its free citizens.The citizen's freedom can be completed only by his economic and social liberation. 5)The Arab revolution movement is a fundamental part of the world liberation movement.Our Arab people's struggle forms a part of the struggle of the peoples for their freedom,independence, and progress. This constitution serves as a guide for action to our people's masses so that they will continue the battle for liberation and construction guided by its principles and provisions in order to strengthen the positions of our people's struggle and to drive their march toward the aspired future. Chapter 1 Basic Principles Part 1 Political Principles Article 1 [Arab Nation,Socialist Republic]

formulation which insures for the citizen the exercise of his freedom which makes him a dignified human being capable of giving and building， defending the homeland in which he lives， and making sacrifices for the sake of the nation to which he belongs. The homeland‘s freedom can only be preserved by its free citizens. The citizen’s freedom can be completed only by his economic and social liberation. 5） The Arab revolution movement is a fundamental part of the world liberation movement. Our Arab people‘s struggle forms a part of the struggle of the peoples for their freedom， independence， and progress. This constitution serves as a guide for action to our people‘s masses so that they will continue the battle for liberation and construction guided by its principles and provisions in order to strengthen the positions of our people’s struggle and to drive their march toward the aspired future. Chapter 1 Basic Principles Part 1 Political Principles Article 1 [Arab Nation， Socialist Republic]

(1)The Syrian Arab Republic is a democratic,popular,socialist, and sovereign state.No part of its territory can be ceded.Syria is a member of the Union of the Arab Republics. (2)The Syrian Arab region is a part of the Arab homeland. (3)The people in the Syrian Arab region are a part of the Arab nation.They work and struggle to achieve the Arab nation's comprehensive unity. Article 2 [Republic,Sovereignty] (1)The governmental system of the Syrian Arab region is a republican system. (2)Sovereignty is vested in the people,who exercise it in accordance with this Constitution. Article 3 [Islam] (1)The religion of the President of the Republic has to be Islam

（1）The Syrian Arab Republic is a democratic，popular，socialist， and sovereign state. No part of its territory can be ceded. Syria is a member of the Union of the Arab Republics. （2） The Syrian Arab region is a part of the Arab homeland. （3） The people in the Syrian Arab region are a part of the Arab nation. They work and struggle to achieve the Arab nation‘s comprehensive unity. Article 2 [Republic， Sovereignty] （1） The governmental system of the Syrian Arab region is a republican system. （2） Sovereignty is vested in the people， who exercise it in accordance with this Constitution. Article 3 [Islam] （1） The religion of the President of the Republic has to be Islam

(2)Islamic jurisprudence is a main source of legislation. Article 4 [Language, Capital] The Arab language is the official language.The capital is Damascus. Article 6[Flag,Emblem,Anthem] The state flag,emblem,and the national anthem are the flag, emblem,and the national anthem of the Union of the Arab Republics. Article 7 [Oat] The constitutional oath is as follows: "I swear by God the Almighty to sincerely preserve the republican, democratic,and popular system,respect the constitution and the laws, watch over the interests of the people and the security of the homeland, and work and struggle for the realization of the Arab nation's aims of unity,freedom,and socialism

（2） Islamic jurisprudence is a main source of legislation. Article 4 [Language， Capital] The Arab language is the official language. The capital is Damascus. Article 6 [Flag， Emblem， Anthem] The state flag， emblem， and the national anthem are the flag， emblem， and the national anthem of the Union of the Arab Republics. Article 7 [Oat] The constitutional oath is as follows： “I swear by God the Almighty to sincerely preserve the republican， democratic， and popular system， respect the constitution and the laws， watch over the interests of the people and the security of the homeland， and work and struggle for the realization of the Arab nation‘s aims of unity， freedom， and socialism

Article 8 [Baath Party] The leading party in the society and the state is the Socialist Arab Baath Party.It leads a patriotic and progressive front seeking to unify the resources of the people's masses and place them at the service of the Arab nation's goals. Article 9 [Organizations] Popular organizations and cooperative associations are establishments which include the people's forces working for the development of society and for the realization of the interests of its members. Article 10 People's Councils] People'councils are establishments elected in a democratic way at which the citizens exercise their rights in administering the state and leading the society. Article 11 [Armed Forces]

Article 8 [Baath Party] The leading party in the society and the state is the Socialist Arab Baath Party. It leads a patriotic and progressive front seeking to unify the resources of the people‘s masses and place them at the service of the Arab nation’s goals. Article 9 [Organizations] Popular organizations and cooperative associations are establishments which include the people‘s forces working for the development of society and for the realization of the interests of its members. Article 10 [People‘s Councils] People‘ councils are establishments elected in a democratic way at which the citizens exercise their rights in administering the state and leading the society. Article 11 [Armed Forces]

The armed forces and other defense organizations are responsible for the defense of the homeland's territory and for the protection of the revolution's objectives of unity,freedom,and socialism. Article 12 The state is at the people's service.Its establishments seeks to protect the fundamental rights of the citizens and develop their lives.It also seeks to support the political organizations in order to bring about self-development. Part 2 Economic Principles Article 13 [Economy] (1)The state economy is a planned socialist economy which seeks to end all forms of exploitation. (2)The region's economic planning serves in achieving economic integration in the Arab homeland. Article 14 [Ownership]

The armed forces and other defense organizations are responsible for the defense of the homeland‘s territory and for the protection of the revolution’s objectives of unity， freedom， and socialism. Article 12 The state is at the people‘s service. Its establishments seeks to protect the fundamental rights of the citizens and develop their lives. It also seeks to support the political organizations in order to bring about self-development. Part 2 Economic Principles Article 13 [Economy] （1） The state economy is a planned socialist economy which seeks to end all forms of exploitation. （2） The region‘s economic planning serves in achieving economic integration in the Arab homeland. Article 14 [Ownership]

The law regulates ownership,which is of three kinds: (1)Public ownership includes natural resources,public utilities, and nationalized installations and establishments,as well as installations and establishments set up by the state.The state undertakes to exploit and to supervise the administration of this property in the interest of the entire people.It is the duty of the citizens to protect this property. (2 Collective ownership includes the property belonging to popular and professional organizations and to production units cooperatives,and other social establishments.The law guarantees its protection and support. 3 )Individual ownership includes property belonging to individuals.The law defines its social task in serving the national economy within the framework of the development plan.This property should not be used in ways contrary to the people's interests. Article 15 [Expropriation] (1)Individual ownership may not be expropriated except for public

The law regulates ownership， which is of three kinds： （1） Public ownership includes natural resources， public utilities， and nationalized installations and establishments， as well as installations and establishments set up by the state. The state undertakes to exploit and to supervise the administration of this property in the interest of the entire people. It is the duty of the citizens to protect this property. （ 2 ） Collective ownership includes the property belonging to popular and professional organizations and to production units ， cooperatives， and other social establishments. The law guarantees its protection and support. （ 3 ） Individual ownership includes property belonging to individuals. The law defines its social task in serving the national economy within the framework of the development plan. This property should not be used in ways contrary to the people‘s interests. Article 15 [Expropriation] （1）Individual ownership may not be expropriated except for public