厦门大学：《物理化学 Physical Chemistry》课程电子教案（PPT教学课件，英文版）chapter01 THERMODYNAMICS

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 Chapter 1 THERMODYNAMICS A macroscopic science, the study of two physical quantities, energy and entropy Energy: the capacity to do work Entropy: a measure of the disorder of a system Thermodynamics is particularly concerned with the interconversion of energy as heat and work. Thermodynamics determines the potential for chemical change, not the rate of chemical change

1 A macroscopic science, the study of two physical quantities, energy and entropy. Chapter 1 THERMODYNAMICS Energy: the capacity to do work Entropy: a measure of the disorder of a system Thermodynamics is particularly concerned with the interconversion of energy as heat and work. Thermodynamics determines the potentialfor chemical change, not the rate of chemical change. Physical Chemistry Chapter 1

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 e Thermodynamic Systems Considers the relationship between the system and the surroundings System: The reaction, process or organism under study Surroundings i surroundings The parts of the universe that can I system interact with the system System and surroundings

2 System: The reaction, process or organism under study Surroundings: The parts of the universe that can interact with the system System and surroundings Thermodynamic Systems Considers the relationship between the system and the surroundings. Physical Chemistry Chapter 1

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 System and surroundings 1. Open system 2. Closed system 3. Isolated system i surroundings Matter transfer open system Energy transfer pen system

Open system 3 Energy transfer Matter transfer System and Surroundings 1. Open system 2. Closed system 3. Isolated system 1. Open system Physical Chemistry Chapter 1

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 System and surroundings 1. Open system 2. Closed system 3. Isolated system surroundings No matter transfer closed system Energy transfer Closed system

Closed system 4 Energy transfer No matter transfer System and Surroundings 1. Open system 2. Closed system 3. Isolated system 1. Open system 2. Closed system Physical Chemistry Chapter 1

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 System and surroundings 1. Open system 2. Closed system 3. Isolated system NO matter isolated system surroundings transfer No matter transfer isolated system energy Noener gy transfer transfer

5 No energy transfer No energy transfer No matter transfer No matter transfer System and Surroundings 1. Open system 2. Closed system 3. Isolated system 1. Open system 2. Closed system 3. Isolated system Physical Chemistry Chapter 1

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 System and surroundings Between System and Surroundings Transfer of matter System Type Transfer of energy system surroundings(Heat& work Open System Yes Yes Closed system No Yes Isolated System No No

6 System and Surroundings System Type Transfer of matter system & surroundings Transfer of energy (Heat & work) Open System Yes Yes Closed System No Yes Isolated System No No Between System and Surroundings Physical Chemistry Chapter 1

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 Chapter 1 THERMODYNAMICS Walls: rigid or nonrigid (movable) Walls: permeable or impermeable A B Walls: adiabatic or nonadiabatic thermally conducting) mechanical equilibrium material equilibrium E quilibrium thermal equilibrium phase equilibrium

7 Chapter 1 THERMODYNAMICS Walls: rigid or nonrigid (movable) Physical Chemistry A B W Walls: permeable or impermeable Walls: adiabatic or nonadiabatic (thermally conducting) Equilibrium mechanical equilibrium material equilibrium thermal equilibrium Chapter 1 phase equilibrium

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 Thermodynamic Properties e Equilibrium Mechanical Equilibrium No unbalanced forces act on or within the system No acceleration no turbulence within the system Material Equilibrium No net chemical reactions are occurring in the system No net transfer of matter, the concentrations of the chemical species are constant in time Thermal equilibrium No change in the properties of the system or surroundings when they are separated by a thermally conducting wall

8 Thermodynamic Properties Equilibrium Mechanical Equilibrium Material Equilibrium Thermal Equilibrium Physical Chemistry No unbalanced forces act on or within the system No acceleration, no turbulence within the system No net chemical reactions are occurring in the system No net transfer of matter, the concentrations of the chemical species are constant in time No change in the properties of the system or surroundings when they are separated by a thermally conducting wall. Chapter 1

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 Chapter 1 THERMODYNAMICS extensive composition Thermodynamic volume Properties intensive pressure Pressure: mechanical equilibrium Temperature: thermal equilibrium The zeroth law of thermadvnamics Two svstems that are each found to be in thermal equilibrium with a third system will be found to be in thermal equilibrium with each other

9 Chapter 1 THERMODYNAMICS Temperature: thermal equilibrium The zeroth law of thermadynamics Two systems that are each found to be in thermal equilibrium with a third system will be found to be in thermal equilibrium with each other. Physical Chemistry Pressure: mechanical equilibrium Thermodynamic Properties composition volume pressure extensive intensive Chapter 1

Physical Chemistry Chapter 1 Ideal Gases/Perfect Gases Gases: A gas is a fluid which has no intrinsic shap and which expands indefinitely to fill any container ● in which it is held. Ideal gases The amount of substance of which it is comprised, n(mole) e 2. The temperature of the gas, T(Kelvin) 3. The pressure of the gas, P(Pascal 4. The volume occupied by the gas, V(m) 10

10 Ideal Gases/Perfect Gases Gases: A gas is a fluid which has no intrinsic shape, and which expands indefinitely to fill any container in which it is held. Ideal Gases: 1. The amount of substance of which it is comprised, n (mole) 2. The temperature of the gas, T (Kelvin) 3. The pressure of the gas, P (Pascal) 4. The volume occupied by the gas, V (m3 ) Physical Chemistry Chapter 1