《材料导论》课程教学资源（文献资料）材料发展史

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) 认为生物体也是通过“燃烧”获取能量 ◆ Organisms disassemble and reconstitute atmospheric air in the same manner as a burning body. Animals produced energy by a type of combustion. Heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced: same ratio for a flame and animals. ◆ Respiration:02 is consumed and CO2 is given off. using a calorimeter and showed that the heat produced by repiration was equal to the heat produced when the same amount of oxygen was used to burn charcoal. PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建ww,fineprint.com,cn

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) 认为生物体也是通过 “燃烧”获取能量 w Organisms disassemble and reconstitute atmospheric air in the same manner as a burning body. w Animals produced energy by a type of combustion. w Heat evolved per unit of carbon dioxide produced: same ratio for a flame and animals. w Respiration: O2 is consumed and CO2 is given off. using a calorimeter and showed that the heat produced by repiration was equal to the heat produced when the same amount of oxygen was used to burn charcoal. PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.com.cn

Louis Pasteur (1882-1895) 服务于社会的科学家 .French chemist and artists; Doctorate in chemistry; .Studied the effect of tartaric acid on polarized light: discovered two types of crystals which were mirror images of each other--founder of stereochemistry. Life molecules are asymmetric; Fermentation is a life process; ◆“Germ theory of diseases father of microbiology and immunology ◆Rejected“spontaneous generation', PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建m,fineprint.com,c如

Louis Pasteur (1882-1895) 服务于社会的科学家 w French chemist and artists; w Doctorate in chemistry; w Studied the effect of tartaric acid on polarized light: discovered two types of crystals which were mirror images of each other--founder of stereochemistry. w Life molecules are asymmetric; w Fermentation is a life process; w “Germ theory of diseases”. w father of microbiology and immunology w Rejected “spontaneous generation”. PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.com.cn

Linus Pauling (1901-1994) 跨学科的典范 Bachelor's degree in chemical engineering; Ph.D.in chemistry and mathematical physics. Postdoctoral training in quantum mechanics. .Studied:electronegativity scale of the elements;bond- orbital hybridization and bond resonance;magnetic properties of hemoglobin;roles of antigens and antibodies in the immune response;specificity in biochemical interactions;molecular complementariness;postulated that the gene might consist of two mutually complementary strands (1946); Originated the concept of molecular disease,structure of proteins (alpha helix,beta-sheet); PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro'”试用版本创建wm,fineprint.com,cn

Linus Pauling (1901-1994) ： 跨学科的典范 w Bachelor's degree in chemical engineering; Ph.D. in chemistry and mathematical physics. w Postdoctoral training in quantum mechanics. w Studied: electronegativity scale of the elements; bond￾orbital hybridization and bond resonance; magnetic properties of hemoglobin; roles of antigens and antibodies in the immune response; specificity in biochemical interactions; molecular complementariness;postulated that the gene might consist of two mutually complementary strands (1946); w Originated the concept of molecular disease, structure of proteins (alpha helix, beta-sheet); PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.com.cn

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 for his reserrcl into the nature of Me ohencal bond and its apn"atic he elucidauon ofe sie of ustar omia Institute of Linus Carl Pauling Technology (Caltech) Pasadena,CA,USA PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建ww,fineprint..com,cn

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1954 "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances" USA California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Pasadena, CA, USA b. 1901 d. 1994 Linus Carl Pauling PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.com.cn

Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961 使物理学家进入生物学领域的吹号人 Broad education:chemistry,Italian painting,botany, Wave equation,specific heats of solids,atomic spectra,theory of colour vision Schrodinger's equation (allows physicists to compute energy levels for electrons). After World War II Schrodinger considered fundamental problems in biology,expressing his views in the philosophical book uis Lite?The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro'”试用版本创建wm,fineprint.com,cn

Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961) 使物理学家进入生物学领域的吹号人 w Broad education: chemistry, Italian painting, botany, w Wave equation, specific heats of solids, atomic spectra, theory of colour vision w Schrödinger's equation (allows physicists to compute energy levels for electrons). w After World War II Schrödinger considered fundamental problems in biology, expressing his views in the philosophical book What Is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.com.cn

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 the discovery o ne producte fonik o1 atomio eor ① Erwin Schrodinger 1/2 of the prize Austria Berlin University Berlin,Germany PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建ww,fineprint.com.cn

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" Erwin Schrödinger Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac 1/2 of the prize 1/2 of the prize Austria United Kingdom Berlin University Berlin, Germany University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1902 d. 1984 PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 Ìwww.fineprint.com.cn

Francis Crick (1916-2004) “弃物求生” He has frequently eschewed experimentation preferring instead to concentrate his considerable genius on reading, thinking and talking his way to a problem's solution. .He received a degree in physics for his undergraduate studies. Crick continued on graduate work in physics until his research(on the viscosity of water at high temperatures) was interrupted by WWIl. After the war,however,he found himself less interested in physics and at a loss for a career.Meanwhile as interest in biology was ignited by Erwin Schrodinger's book What is Life?The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. Had an undistinguished record in his chosen field of physics PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建wmw,fineprint.coL.cn

Francis Crick (1916-2004) “弃物求生” w He has frequently eschewed experimentation preferring instead to concentrate his considerable genius on reading, thinking and talking his way to a problem's solution. w He received a degree in physics for his undergraduate studies. w Crick continued on graduate work in physics until his research (on the viscosity of water at high temperatures) was interrupted by WWII. w After the war, however, he found himself less interested in physics and at a loss for a career. Meanwhile as interest in biology was ignited by Erwin Schrodinger's book What is Life? The Physical Aspect of the Living Cell. w Had an undistinguished record in his chosen field of physics. PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.com.cn

Francis Crick Two scientists with complementary backgrounds found they shared a conviction that DNA,not proteins,was the critical factor in passing on genetic information from generation to generation. ◆“A saga of getting over one mistake after another'”. .A theoretical biologist. Complex problems in biology could be reduced to fundamental laws of physics and chemistry. PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建ww,fineprint.com.c边

Francis Crick w Two scientists with complementary backgrounds found they shared a conviction that DNA, not proteins, was the critical factor in passing on genetic information from generation to generation. w “A saga of getting over one mistake after another”. w A theoretical biologist. w Complex problems in biology could be reduced to fundamental laws of physics and chemistry. PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.com.cn

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 eir discoverie comcer ing the mnolepuar struoure ofucacids and its se cance for intnater in livin material" Francis Harry Compton Crick United Kingdom MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge,United 1/3 of the prize Kingdom PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建ww,fineprint.com,cn

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962 "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" Francis Harry Compton Crick James Dewey Watson 1/3 of the prize United Kingdom USA MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology Cambridge, United Kingdom Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1928 1/3 of the prize PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.com.cn

Max Delbruck (1906-1981) 提出基因“量子力学模型”的物理学家 .Delbruck received a Ph.D.in physics(1930)from the University of Gottingen. Delbruck's interest in biology was first aroused by Bohr,in connection with his speculations that the complementarity argument of quantum mechanics might have wide applications to other fields of scientific endeavor and especially in regard to the relations between physics and biology During the years 1932-1937,a small group of theoretical physicists held informal private meetings,at first devoted to theoretical physics but soon turning to biology. 1935年。 PDF文件使用"pdfFactory Pro”试用版本创建ww,fineprint.com.c如

Max Delbrück (1906-1981) 提出基因“量子力学模型” 的物理学家 w Delbrück received a Ph.D. in physics (1930) from the University of Göttingen. w Delbrück's interest in biology was first aroused by Bohr, in connection with his speculations that the complementarity argument of quantum mechanics might have wide applications to other fields of scientific endeavor and especially in regard to the relations between physics and biology w During the years 1932-1937, a small group of theoretical physicists held informal private meetings, at first devoted to theoretical physics but soon turning to biology. w 1935年。 PDF 文件使用 "pdfFactory Pro" 试用版本创建 www.fineprint.com.cn