《公共经济学 Public Economics》课程PPT教学讲稿（英文版）Chapter 17 The Corporation Tax Public Economics

Chapter 17-The Corporation Tax Public economics

1 Chapter 17 – The Corporation Tax Public Economics

Introduction A corporation is a form of business organization in which ownership is usually represented by transferable stock certificates Stockholders have limited liability Corporations are independent legal entities Can make contracts, hold property, incur debt, sue, and be sued

2 Introduction • A corporation is a form of business organization in which ownership is usually represented by transferable stock certificates – Stockholders have limited liability – Corporations are independent legal entities • Can make contracts, hold property, incur debt, sue, and be sued

Why Tax Corporations? Only real people can pay a tax, so why not just tax incomes of corporation owners via the personal income tax? Justification #1: Corporations are distinct entities and ownership and control are separated Justification #2 Corporations receive a number of special privileges, such as limited liability. Corporation tax simply a user fee Justification #3: Corporation tax protects the integrity of the personal income tax. Cannot simpl accumulate income within the corporation to defer tax payments

3 Why Tax Corporations? • Only real people can pay a tax, so why not just tax incomes of corporation owners via the personal income tax? – Justification #1: Corporations are distinct entities, and ownership and control are separated – Justification #2: Corporations receive a number of special privileges, such as limited liability. Corporation tax simply a user fee. – Justification #3: Corporation tax protects the integrity of the personal income tax. Cannot simply accumulate income within the corporation to defer tax payments

Structure Tax system can safely be presented as a flat rate of 35 Statutory rate gives relatively little information about the effective burden because we must know what deductions are allowed

4 Structure • Tax system can safely be presented as a flat rate of 35% • Statutory rate gives relatively little information about the effective burden, because we must know what deductions are allowed

Structure: Deductions Employee compensation Interest payments, not dividends Depreciation No Investment Tax Credit Treatment of dividends versus retained Earnings

5 Structure: Deductions • Employee compensation • Interest payments, not dividends • Depreciation • No Investment Tax Credit • Treatment of Dividends versus Retained Earnings

Structure Employee compensation Wages and benefits are excluded from taxable income

6 Structure • Employee compensation – Wages and benefits are excluded from taxable income

Structure Interest payments, not dividends When corporations borrow, interest payments to lenders are excluded from taxable income When corporations finance activities by issuing stock, dividends are not deductible

7 Structure • Interest payments, not dividends – When corporations borrow, interest payments to lenders are excluded from taxable income. – When corporations finance activities by issuing stock, dividends are not deductible

Structure How should durable goods be treated in determining taxable income? Buying a drill press(that lasts for 10 years)is initially just an exchange of assets, not an economic cost As it is used, it is subject to wear and tear Which decreases its value. This decrease in value, called economic depreciation, is an economic cost to the firm

8 Structure • How should durable goods be treated in determining taxable income? • Buying a drill press (that lasts for 10 years) is initially just an exchange of assets, not an economic cost. • As it is used, it is subject to wear and tear, which decreases its value. This decrease in value, called economic depreciation, is an economic cost to the firm

Structure Each year's worth of depreciation should be deductible from that year's gross income Difficult to measure true depreciation, or even the useful life of durable goods. Instead, the tax law specifies a tax life For each asset, what proportion of its acquisition value can be depreciated each year, and over how many years

9 Structure • Each year’s worth of depreciation should be deductible from that year’s gross income. • Difficult to measure true depreciation, or even the useful life of durable goods. Instead, the tax law specifies a tax life: – For each asset, what proportion of its acquisition value can be depreciated each year, and over how many years

Structure To calculate the value of the depreciation allowances in the tax code, compute the present value of the stream of depreciation allowances Generally, the present value of these allowances for a $1 asset would be 0×D(),O×D(2) 0×D(T) = ..+ 1+r + 10

10 Structure • To calculate the value of the depreciation allowances in the tax code, compute the present value of the stream of depreciation allowances. • Generally, the present value of these allowances for a $1 asset would be: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )     =  + +  + + +  + D r D r D T r T 1 1 2 1 1 2