北京大学：《计算机组织与体系结构》课程教学资源（讲义，上）计算技术发展简史

计算机组织与糸统结构 计算技术发展简史 (第二讲) 程旭 2000年2月28日 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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古代计算技术 公元前500年,中国,算盘 将位置标记的概念( (concept of positional notation),引入计算 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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古代计算技术 12世纪 Tashkent的牧师 Mukhammad ibn musa Al Khwarizmi 提出编写出达到一 些目标的操作过程 的概念 并出版了一部以“算 法 (algorithm)-”为主 题的书籍 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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十七世纪计算技术 1612, John napier,对数 1622,Wi| liam Oughtred,计算尺( slide rule 山 1880的柱状计算尺( cy l indr ical Sl ide ru|e), 大约200英寸长,四位十进制精度 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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十七世纪计算技术 1642年, Pascal machine . Mechanical counter for addition and subtraction Counter wheels for storing decimal numbers .Used as registers One register acted as accumulator .Technical innovations Automatic transfer of Carry .Use of Complement representation for negative numbers 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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Pascal's Calculator--Pascalene (1642) 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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十七世纪讣算技术 1671, Gottfried Leibniz A Calculator that could perform multiplication and division as well as addition and subtraction Started with pascal calculator Added two additional sets of wheels that could perform multiplications and division by repetitive addition or subtraction Used Chains and pulleys 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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十八世纪和十九世纪讣算技术 1750 Mechanical Weaving Technology Jacquard loom (1801) . Punched card for manual instruction first .Used mechanically in Jacquard Loom .Holes in the punched cards used for the control of the movement of parts of the loom the first programmable process control machine .Operation under program control 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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Jacquard loom(1801) Fleche 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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十九世纪二十年代 Charles Babbage Difference Engine Designed to calculate the entries of a table automatically and transfer them via steel punches to an engraver's plate Could perform only addition and subtraction Using finite Difference methods a large number of functions could be calculated .Polynomials .Trigonometric Functions Used a number of mechanical registers Driven by steam engine to crank out the results 3rd degree polynomials and 15 digit numbers Automatic multistep operations 北京大学计算机科学技术系 计算机系统结构教研室

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