《大学英语语法》课程电子教案（PPT课件）04 虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）、情态动词（modal auxiliary）

四、虚拟语气(subjunctive mood) *在英语里，凡表达与事实不符的假定、想象、 愿望等时，一定要把动词的惯常使用法加以 改变，这种特殊的动词使用法，叫做“虚拟 语气”。 *1)虚拟语气的时态 *A)与现在事实相反的假设： 连词 条件从句 主句 Should ①were could If 主语+②过去式V 主语+ would +原形V ③过去式助动词+原形V might

1 四、虚拟语气（subjunctive mood）  在英语里，凡表达与事实不符的假定、想象、 愿望等时，一定要把动词的惯常使用法加以 改变，这种特殊的动词使用法，叫做“虚拟 语气” 。  1) 虚拟语气的时态  A)与现在事实相反的假设： 连词 条件从句 主句 If ①were 主语 + ②过去式V ③过去式助动词+原形V 主语+ + 原形V Should could would might

如： If he were rich,he would buy the house 他若是有钱，他会买这幢房子。 (但他现在没有钱，所以想买不能买。) If I had time,I would study French. 我若有时间，我就要学法语。 If I could fly,I would fly in the sky. 我若能飞，我要飞到空中。 B)与过去事实相反的假设 连词 条件从句 主句 should would If 主语+had+pp 主语+ could have p.p. might

2  如： If he were rich, he would buy the house. 他若是有钱，他会买这幢房子。 (但他现在没有钱，所以想买不能买。)  If I had time,I would study French. 我若有时间，我就要学法语。  If I could fly, I would fly in the sky. 我若能飞，我要飞到空中。  B)与过去事实相反的假设 连词 条件从句 主句 If 主语 + had + p.p. 主语+ + have + p.p. should would could might

*例句 1 If he had studied hard,he could have won the scholarship 假如他当时用功，他可能已经得了奖学金了。 (但他当时没有用功，所以他没有得到奖学金。) 2 If I hadhad enough time,I would have gone with you. 假如当时我有足够的时间，我会跟你去的。 C)与将来事实相反的假设： 连词 条件从句 主句 should,would If 主语+were to+原形V 主语+ +原形V could,might 3

3  例句：  ① If he had studied hard, he could have won the scholarship. 假如他当时用功，他可能已经得了奖学金了。 (但他当时没有用功，所以他没有得到奖学金。)  ② If I had had enough time, I would have gone with you. 假如当时我有足够的时间，我会跟你去的。 C) 与将来事实相反的假设： 连词 条件从句 主句 If 主语 + were to +原形V 主语+ +原形V should, would could, might

例句： If the sun were to rise in the west,I would not change my mind. 即使太阳从西边出来，我也不会改变我的心意。 (事实上太阳绝对不可能从西边出来。) If I were to be reborn,I would be a musician. 如果我能再生，我要成为一个音乐家。（事实上你 不可能再生。) *2)虚拟语气还可以用来表示愿望、建议、命 令等。在下面几类从句中，谓语动词都需要用 虚拟语气。 *A)主语从句谓语动词的虚拟 a)It is desired,it is suggested,it is requested it was ordered,it was proposed,it is

4  例句：  If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not change my mind. 即使太阳从西边出来，我也不会改变我的心意。 （ 事实上太阳绝对不可能从西边出来。）  If I were to be reborn, I would be a musician. 如果我能再生，我要成为一个音乐家。 （ 事实上你 不可能再生。）  2) 虚拟语气还可以用来表示愿望、建议、命 令等。在下面几类从句中，谓语动词都需要用 虚拟语气。  A) 主语从句谓语动词的虚拟  a) It is desired, it is suggested, it is requested, it was ordered, it was proposed, it is

necessary,it is important,it has been decided,it is natural,it is urgent,it is desirable,it is imperative,it is unusual,it is appropriate,it is preferable,it is possible 构后的主语从句： It is requested tat Miss Cai (should)give a performance at the party.有人请求蔡小姐在会上表 演一个节目。 It is desired that we (should)get everything ready by tonight.希望一切在今晚准备好。 It is necessary that he (should)be sent there at once.有必要马上派他到那里去。 It is important that we close our ranks in the struggle 在斗争中紧密团结是很重要的

5  necessary, it is important, it has been decided, it is natural, it is urgent, it is desirable, it is imperative, it is unusual, it is appropriate, it is preferable, it is possible等结 构后的主语从句：  It is requested tat Miss Cai (should) give a performance at the party. 有人请求蔡小姐在会上表 演一个节目。  It is desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 希望一切在今晚准备好。  It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要马上派他到那里去。  It is important that we close our ranks in the struggle. 在斗争中紧密团结是很重要的

It will be better that we meet some other time.最好我 们在另一个时间碰头。 It was arranged that they leave the following week. 排好他们下个星期就动身。 It has been decided that the meeting (should)be postponed till next Saturday.已决定会议延期到下星 期六开。 *It is our wish that he do what he pleases.我们的意思 是他爱怎么样就怎么样。 米 b)) 虚拟语气中should-+动词原形（或完成形 式)还有表示惊奇、惶惑、怀疑、不满等作用 如在it is a pity,it is a shame,it is incredible, it is strange,it is no wonder,it is surprising

6  It will be better that we meet some other time. 最好我 们在另一个时间碰头。  It was arranged that they leave the following week. 安 排好他们下个星期就动身。  It has been decided that the meeting (should) be postponed till next Saturday. 已决定会议延期到下星 期六开。  It is our wish that he do what he pleases. 我们的意思 是他爱怎么样就怎么样。  b) 虚拟语气中should+ 动词原形（或完成形 式）还有表示惊奇、惶惑、怀疑、不满等作用。 如在it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonder, it is surprising

it is wonderful等结构后的主语从句： It is a great pity that he should be so conceited. 遗憾他竟会这样自高自大。 It's strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪，他竞然没看出自己的 缺点。 It seems incredible that he should have finished the work so soon.真是人难以相信，他工作竟完成得这 么快。 It is quite natural that such fears should arise. 这样的疑虑是很自然的。 B)同位语从句及表语从句谓语动词的虚拟： suggestion,motion,proposal,order, recommendation,plan,idea等后面的表语

7 it is wonderful 等结构后的主语从句：  It is a great pity that he should be so conceited. 真 遗憾他竟会这样自高自大。  It’s strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 真奇怪，他竟然没看出自己的 缺点。  It seems incredible that he should have finished the work so soon. 真是人难以相信，他工作竟完成得这 么快。  It is quite natural that such fears should arise. 产生 这样的疑虑是很自然的。  B) 同位语从句及表语从句谓语动词的虚拟： suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendation, plan, idea等后面的表语

从句和同位语从句： My suggestion is that we (should)send a few people to help the other groups.我的建议是我们派几个人去 帮助别的小组。 My idea is that we (should)challenge the other groups to a friendly competition.我的一件事向别的组挑战， 来一个友谊竞赛。 His sole requirement is (was)that the system be adjusted.他唯一的要求是把这个体系做些调整。 *The orders were that we stay where we were.命令是 我们仍留在原处。 He made the suggestion that they (should)carry on their conversation in French.他建议他们用法语交谈

8 从句和同位语从句：  My suggestion is that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups. 我的建议是我们派几个人去 帮助别的小组。  My idea is that we (should) challenge the other groups to a friendly competition. 我的一件事向别的组挑战， 来一个友谊竞赛。  His sole requirement is (was) that the system be adjusted. 他唯一的要求是把这个体系做些调整。  The orders were that we stay where we were. 命令是 我们仍留在原处。  He made the suggestion that they (should) carry on their conversation in French. 他建议他们用法语交谈

What do you think of Xiao Yang's proposal that we (should)put on a play at the English evening？(小 杨建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧，你觉得怎么 样？) I second Xiao Wang's motion that we (should)set up a special board to examine the problem.(小王 提议成立一个特别委员会来研究这个问题，我附 议。） *C)目的状语中的虚拟语气 a)在so that..in order that..引导的从句 中，谓语动词用may,wil,can,或might,would, could等情态动词+动词，根据意思和时态采 用某一个情态动词及其相应的时态：

9  What do you think of Xiao Yang’s proposal that we (should) put on a play at the English evening? (小 杨建议我们在英语晚会上演一个剧，你觉得怎么 样？)  I second Xiao Wang’s motion that we (should) set up a special board to examine the problem.(小王 提议成立一个特别委员会来研究这个问题，我附 议。)  C) 目的状语中的虚拟语气 a）在so that… in order that…引导的从句 中，谓语动词用may,will,can,或might, would, could等情态动词+动词，根据意思和时态采 用某一个情态动词及其相应的时态:

I hid the book so that he could not see it. Speak loudly in order that everybody can hear you. b)在“for fear that..”lest..引导的从句 中，谓语动词用(should)+动词原型： He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged. I was afraid lest she (should)be offended. 。3)其他情况的虚拟语气： A)Conditional Sentences of Mixed Time 有时候，条件状语从句表示的动作和主句 表示的动作，发生的时间是不一致的（如一个 是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的)。这时， 动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整： 10

10 I hid the book so that he could not see it. Speak loudly in order that everybody can hear you. b) 在“for fear that…” “lest…”引导的从句 中，谓语动词用 (should )+ 动词原型： He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged. I was afraid lest she (should) be offended. ❖ 3) 其他情况的虚拟语气：  A) Conditional Sentences of Mixed Time 有时候，条件状语从句表示的动作和主句 表示的动作，发生的时间是不一致的（如一个 是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的）。这时， 动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整：