西安建筑科技大学：《大学英语》课程教学资源（现代大学英语，PPT课件讲稿，第三册）lesson10_background information

Lesson 10-Diogenes and Alexander Part Two Backgroumd Iformation W BTL E ENTER

W B T L E Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander Part Two ENTER

Lesson 10- Diogenes and Alexande Background Information Contents L。 Author II。 Diogenes III Cynicism IV Alexander the Great v。 Aristotle& Plato VI。 Hercules W BTL E BAC

W B T L E Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander I. Author II. Diogenes III.Cynicism IV. Alexander the Great V. Aristotle & Plato VI. Hercules Background Information

Lesson 10- Diogenes and Alexande . Author Gilbert Highet (1906-1978)was US educator, author, and critic He is noted for popularizing intellectual topics; wrote Anatomy of Satire, 1962 W BTL E The end of author

W B T L E Gilbert Highet (1906—1978) was US “educator, author, and critic”. “He is noted for popularizing intellectual topics; wrote ‘Anatomy of Satire,’ 1962.” Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander I. Author The end of Author

Lesson 10- Diogenes and Alexande II.① genes Diogenes:(412 B.C.- 324 B.C., Greek philosopher who founded the Cynic school of philosophy, stressing self control and the pursuit of virtue. He was the son of hicesias who was exiled from his home town of Sinope, allegedly for defacing its debased currency. Thereafter, he lived in streets of Corinth and Athens where he is said to have lived in a barrel. He became the prototype of Cynicism. W BTL E To be continued on the next page

W B T L E Diogenes: (412 B.C. — 324 B.C.), Greek philosopher who founded the Cynic school of philosophy, stressing self￾control and the pursuit of virtue. He was the son of Hicesias, who was exiled from his home town of Sinope, allegedly for defacing its debased currency. Thereafter, he lived in streets of Corinth and Athens where he is said to have lived in a barrel. He became the prototype of Cynicism. Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander II. Diogenes To be continued on the next page

Lesson 10- Diogenes and Alexande II.① genes Diogenes has been described as a Socrates gone mad. Like socrates he saw himself encouraging men to examine their own behaviour, and to live a virtuous life. By this, he meant a life of total self sufficiency free from social restraint and distracting desires Living life according to nature was interpreted by Diogenes to mean a back to the basic existence Virtue lay in requiring the bare minimum for existence. He lived the life of a true ascetic W BTL E To be continued on the next page

W B T L E Diogenes has been described as a Socrates gone mad. Like Socrates, he saw himself encouraging men to examine their own behaviour, and to live a virtuous life. By this, he meant a life of total self sufficiency free from social restraint, and distracting desires. Living life according to nature was interpreted by Diogenes to mean a back to the basic existence. Virtue lay in requiring the bare minimum for existence. He lived the life of a true ascetic. Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander II. Diogenes To be continued on the next page

Lesson 10- Diogenes and Alexande II. Diogenes Diogenes deemed man the most intelligent and the most foolish of the animals. For the proper conduct of human life, he claimed we need right reason or a halter". Most needed the halter. He is said to have wandered through the market place bearing a lamp in broad daylight proclaiming: I am looking for a man. It was a matter of self mastery Slavery was a matter of attitude. Diogenes himself had once been captured and sold as a slave When asked by the slave master what he could do, he replied: Govern men", and asked for a buyer who wanted a master. The purchaser made him tutor to his sons who did indeed obey and revere him W BTL E To be continued on the next page

W B T L E Diogenes deemed man the most intelligent and the most foolish of the animals. For the proper conduct of human life, he claimed, we need "right reason or a halter". Most needed the halter. He is said to have wandered through the market place bearing a lamp in broad daylight proclaiming: "I am looking for a man." It was a matter of self mastery. Slavery was a matter of attitude. Diogenes himself had once been captured and sold as a slave. When asked by the slave master what he could do, he replied: "Govern men", and asked for a buyer who wanted a master. The purchaser made him tutor to his sons who did indeed obey and revere him. Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander II. Diogenes To be continued on the next page

Lesson 10- Diogenes and Alexande II.① genes Cynic Diogenes: Diogenes became a disciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes at first refused to admit him and How did he even struck Diogenes with a stick. Diogenes become a Cynic calmly said,Strike me all you want but I wi philo sopher? not leave your presence, while you speak anything worth hearing. Antisthenes was so o impressed with this reply that he admitted him into the Cynics. Diogenes fully adopted the principles and character of his master. W BTL E To be continued on the next page

W B T L E Cynic Diogenes: Diogenes became a disciple of Antisthenes, who was at the head of the Cynics. Antisthenes at first refused to admit him and even struck Diogenes with a stick. Diogenes calmly said, "Strike me all you want but I will not leave your presence, while you speak anything worth hearing." Antisthenes was so impressed with this reply that he admitted him into the Cynics. Diogenes fully adopted the principles and character of his master. Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander II. Diogenes To be continued on the next page. How did he become a Cynic philosopher?

Lesson 10- Diogenes and Alexande II.① genes comparison DIOGENES AND ALEXANDER Find out the similarities During his lifetime, Diogenes encountered the most and differences powerful of individuals and treated them with scorn They in turn responded with admiration. When Alexander announced: I am Alexander, the great using his nickname to show his contempt for the king. Diogenes replied: I am Diogenes the dog titles others valued. Alexander is quoted as saying that had he not been alexander he would have liked to have been Diogenes W BTL E

W B T L E Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander II. Diogenes comparison: DIOGENES AND ALEXANDER The end of Diogenes. During his lifetime, Diogenes encountered the most powerful of individuals and treated them with scorn. They in turn responded with admiration. When Alexander announced: "I am Alexander, the great king." Diogenes replied: "I am Diogenes the dog", using his nickname to show his contempt for the titles others valued. Alexander is quoted as saying that had he not been Alexander, he would have liked to have been Diogenes. Find out the similarities and differences

Lesson 10- Diogenes and Alexande ⅠI. Cynicism Origin of cynicism Cynicism derives its name from the reek word for Dog. Aristotle refers to Diogenes asThe Dog" and Diogenes had no problem with the nickname. Cynicism was not a school of philosophy, but rather an erratic succession of individuals which began with the philosopher Antisthenes. Cynicism emphasized moral self-mastery, rejection of government property marriage and religion. However, Diogenes was not above stealing, claiming all things are the property of the wise. W BTL E To be continued on the next page

W B T L E Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander III. Cynicism Origin of cynicism Cynicism derives its name from the Greek word for Dog. Aristotle refers to Diogenes as "The Dog" and Diogenes had no problem with the nickname. Cynicism was not a school of philosophy, but rather an erratic succession of individuals which began with the philosopher Antisthenes. Cynicism emphasized moral self-mastery, rejection of government, property, marriage and religion. However, Diogenes was not above stealing, claiming all things are the property of the wise. To be continued on the next page

Lesson 10- Diogenes and Alexande ⅠI. Cynicism What is cynicism? Cynicism: a philosophy first expounded by Diogenes, that encourages indifference to social convention and material comforts in order to concentrate on self- knowledge. The aim of the Cynic was to become self-determining, hence free, by living in accordance with nature W BTL E To be continued on the next page

W B T L E Lesson 10 – Diogenes and Alexander III. Cynicism Cynicism: A philosophy, first expounded by Diogenes, that encourages indifference to social convention and material comforts in order to concentrate on self￾knowledge. The aim of the Cynic was to become self-determining, hence free, by living in accordance with nature. To be continued on the next page. What is cynicism?