南京大学：《大气环流》课程教学资源（课件讲稿）第一章 大气环流概述（3/3）资料处理与分析、再分析资料、分析方法

设 大气环流概述 Review ■历史回顾 ■内容简介 观测资料 资料处理与分析 ·再分析资料 ■分析方法 授课教师：张洋3

大气环流概述 ! 历史回顾 ! 内容简介 ! 观测资料 ! 资料处理与分析 ! 再分析资料 ! 分析方法 授课教师：张洋 3 Review

&售 大气环流概述一资料处理与分析 Review 举例：从站点资料到格点资料(data assimilation) Data assimilation: process by which observations are incorporated into a computer model of a real system; In each analysis cycle,observations of the current(and possibly past) state of a system are combined with the results from a numerical weather prediction model (the forecast)to produce an ana/ysis,which is considered as 'the best'estimate of the current state of the system; Data assimilation tries to balance the uncertainty in the data and in the forecast. 授课教师：张洋4

⼤⽓环流概述－资料处理与分析 ! 举例: 从站点资料到格点资料 (data assimilation) 授课教师：张洋 4 • Data assimilation: • process by which observations are incorporated into a computer model of a real system; • In each analysis cycle, observations of the current (and possibly past) state of a system are combined with the results from a numerical weather prediction model (the forecast) to produce an analysis, which is considered as 'the best' estimate of the current state of the system; • Data assimilation tries to balance the uncertainty in the data and in the forecast. data assimilation Review

设雾 大气环流概述一资料处理与分析 Review data assimilation “froze”analysis technique technique always in development, e.g.using models with higher resolution,better parameterization reanalysis data ERA NCEP/NCAR 授课教师：张洋 5

⼤⽓环流概述－资料处理与分析 授课教师：张洋 5 data assimilation reanalysis data ERA NCEP/NCAR “froze” analysis technique technique always in development, e.g. using models with higher resolution, better parameterization Review

设 大气环流概述一再分析资料 Review< 再分析资料：ERA-40和NCEP/NCAR NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)/ NCAR(National Center for Atmospheric Research) ■Dataset Product: o 1948.01.01-present,global grids 4-times daily and monthly Horizontal:2.5 X 2.5 degree(Basic) o Vertical:17 pressure levels (Basic) Model for data assimilation:T62 with 28 levels Reference:Kalnay et al.,1996:The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project,Bull.Amer.Meteor.Soc.,77,437-470 http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html 授课教师：张洋 6

⼤⽓环流概述－再分析资料 ! 再分析资料：ERA-40和NCEP/NCAR " NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction)/ NCAR(National Center for Atmospheric Research) ! Dataset Product: " 1948.01.01-present, global grids " 4-times daily and monthly " Horizontal: 2.5 X 2.5 degree (Basic) " Vertical: 17 pressure levels (Basic) ! Model for data assimilation: T62 with 28 levels ! Reference: Kalnay et al.,1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-470. ! http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.reanalysis.html 授课教师：张洋 6 Review

&鲁 大气环流概述一资料处理 Review NCEP/NCAR再分析资料 物理量及分类 A(strongly influenced by observed data,hence,in the most reliable class):geopotential height,T,u,v... ■ B(although there are observational data directly affecting the value of the variable,the mode/also has a strong influence): relative humidity,w(vertical velocity),lowest level u and v... C(no observations directly affecting the variable,so that it is derived solely from the model forced by the data assimilation):radiation fluxes,surface heat fluxes,cloud forcing, precipitation rate... ● D(fixed from climatological values and does NOT depend on mode/s):surface roughness,surface geopotential height... 授课教师：张洋7

⼤⽓环流概述－资料处理 ! NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料 " 物理量及分类 ! A (strongly influenced by observed data, hence, in the most reliable class): geopotential height, T, u, v... ! B (although there are observational data directly affecting the value of the variable, the model also has a strong influence): relative humidity, w(vertical velocity), lowest level u and v... ! C (no observations directly affecting the variable, so that it is derived solely from the model forced by the data assimilation): radiation fluxes, surface heat fluxes, cloud forcing, precipitation rate... ! D (fixed from climatological values and does NOT depend on models): surface roughness, surface geopotential height... 授课教师：张洋 7 Review

设 大气环流概述一再分析资料 再分析资料：ERA-40和NCEP/NCAR ERA-40(earlier ECMWF re-analysis,ERA-15,1979 to 1993) ■Dataset product: O mid-1957 to mid-2002,global grids 4-times daily,monthly o Horizontal:2.5 X 2.5 degree(Basic) o Vertical:23 pressure levels (Basic) Model for data assimilation:TL159 with 60 levels Reference Uppala.S.M.Kallberg.P.W.Simmons.A.J..Andrae.U.da Costa Bechtold,V..Fiorino.M.Gibson.J.K..Haseler.J.. Hernandez,A.,Kelly,G.A.,Li,X.,Onogi,K.,Saarinen,S.,Sokka,N.,Allan,R.P,Andersson,E.,Arpe,K.,Balmaseda,M.A.,Beljaars,AC.M.. van de Berg.L.,Bidlot,J.,Bormann,N.,Caires,S.,Chevallier,F.,Dethof,A.,Dragosavac,M.,Fisher,M.,Fuentes,M.,Hagemann,S.,Holm, E.,Hoskins,B.J.,Isaksen,L.,Janssen,P.A.E.M.,Jenne,R.,McNally,A.P.,Mahfouf,J.-F.,Morcrette,J.-J..Rayner,N.A.,Saunders,R.W., Simon,P.,Sterl,A.,Trenberth,K.E.,Untch,A.,Vasiljevic,D.,Viterbo,P.,and Woollen,J.2005:The ERA-40 re-analysis.Quart.J.R. Meteorol.Soc,131,2961-3012.doi:10.1256/qj.04.176 http://www.ecmwf.int/products/data/archive/descriptions/e4/index.html, http://dss.ucar.edu/pub/era40/ 授课教师：张洋 8

⼤⽓环流概述－再分析资料 ! 再分析资料：ERA-40和NCEP/NCAR " ERA-40 (earlier ECMWF re-analysis, ERA-15, 1979 to 1993) ! Dataset product: " mid-1957 to mid-2002, global grids " 4-times daily, monthly " Horizontal: 2.5 X 2.5 degree (Basic) " Vertical: 23 pressure levels (Basic) ! Model for data assimilation: TL159 with 60 levels ! Reference: Uppala, S.M., Kållberg, P.W., Simmons, A.J., Andrae, U., da Costa Bechtold, V., Fiorino, M., Gibson, J.K., Haseler, J., Hernandez, A., Kelly, G.A., Li, X., Onogi, K., Saarinen, S., Sokka, N., Allan, R.P., Andersson, E., Arpe, K., Balmaseda, M.A., Beljaars, A.C.M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Caires, S., Chevallier, F., Dethof, A., Dragosavac, M., Fisher, M., Fuentes, M., Hagemann, S., Hólm, E., Hoskins, B.J., Isaksen, L., Janssen, P.A.E.M., Jenne, R., McNally, A.P., Mahfouf, J.-F., Morcrette, J.-J., Rayner, N.A., Saunders, R.W., Simon, P., Sterl, A., Trenberth, K.E., Untch, A., Vasiljevic, D., Viterbo, P., and Woollen, J. 2005: The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quart. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 131, 2961-3012.doi:10.1256/qj.04.176 ! http://www.ecmwf.int/products/data/archive/descriptions/e4/index.html, ! http://dss.ucar.edu/pub/era40/ 授课教师：张洋 8

设 大气环流概述一再分析资料 ■ ERA-Interim: Dataset: 1979 to 2019,global grids 3-hourly surface variables,6-hourly upper air variables in the troposphere and stratosphere,monthly mean Horizontal:0.75 X 0.75 degree (ERA40:2.5 degree) o Vertical:37 pressure levels (ERA40:23 levels) Model:TL255 (ERA40:TL159),60 levels ■ Reference:Dee DP.Uppala SM.Simmons AJ.Berrisford P.Poli P.Kobayashi s,Andrae U.Balmaseda MA. Balsamo G,Bauer P.Bechtold P.Beljaars ACM,van de Berg L,Bidlot J,Bormann N,Delsol C,Dragani R,Fuentes M,Geer AJ,Haimberger L,Healy SB,Hersbach H,Holm EV,Isaksen L,K'allberg P,K'ohler M,"Matricardi M.McNally AP, Monge-Sanz BM,Morcrette J-J,Park B-K,Peubey C,de Rosnay P.Tavolato C,Thepaut J-N,Vitart F.2011.The ERA- Interim reanalysis:configuration and performance of the data assimilation system.Q.J.R.Meteorol. S0c.137:553-597.D0110.1002/qj.828. http://www.ecmwf.int/research/era/do/get/era-interim 授课教师：张洋 9

⼤⽓环流概述－再分析资料 ! ERA-Interim: ! Dataset: " 1979 to 2019, global grids " 3-hourly surface variables, 6-hourly upper air variables in the troposphere and stratosphere, monthly mean " Horizontal: 0.75 X 0.75 degree (ERA40: 2.5 degree) " Vertical: 37 pressure levels (ERA40: 23 levels) ! Model: TL255 (ERA40: TL159), 60 levels ! Reference: Dee DP, Uppala SM, Simmons AJ, Berrisford P, Poli P, Kobayashi S, Andrae U, Balmaseda MA, Balsamo G, Bauer P, Bechtold P, Beljaars ACM, van de Berg L, Bidlot J, Bormann N, Delsol C, Dragani R, Fuentes M, Geer AJ, Haimberger L, Healy SB, Hersbach H, Holm EV, Isaksen L, K ´ allberg P, K ˚ ohler M, ¨ Matricardi M, McNally AP, Monge-Sanz BM, Morcrette J-J, Park B-K, Peubey C, de Rosnay P, Tavolato C, Thepaut J-N, Vitart F. 2011. The ERA￾Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 137: 553–597. DOI:10.1002/qj.828. ! http://www.ecmwf.int/research/era/do/get/era-interim 授课教师：张洋 9

设 大气环流概述一再分析资料 UNN ERA-Interim vs.ERA40: Higher horizontal and vertical resolutions Improved model:T255 horizontal resolution,improved model physics,and improved fast radiative transfer model; Better data assimilations to overcome the difficulties related to the use of satellite data,including 0 4D-Var; Variational bias correction of satellite radiance data,and other improvements in bias handling; More extensive use of radiances. Improvements in: o representation of the hydrological cycle o the quality of the stratospheric circulation o the consistency in time of the reanalysed fields 授课教师：张洋10

⼤⽓环流概述－再分析资料 ! ERA-Interim vs. ERA40: ! Higher horizontal and vertical resolutions ! Improved model: T255 horizontal resolution, improved model physics, and improved fast radiative transfer model; ! Better data assimilations to overcome the difficulties related to the use of satellite data, including " 4D-Var; " Variational bias correction of satellite radiance data, and other improvements in bias handling; " More extensive use of radiances. ! Improvements in: " representation of the hydrological cycle " the quality of the stratospheric circulation " the consistency in time of the reanalysed fields 授课教师：张洋 10

设 大气环流概述一再分析资料 ERA5: Dataset: 1979 to present,(back extension 1950-1978),global grids Horizontal 0.25 X 0.25 degree (~31 km) Vertical:interpolated to 37 pressure levels Model:31 km,137 levels Reference:Hersbach,H,Bell,B,Berrisford,P,et al.,2020:The ERA5 global reanalysis.Q J R Meteoro/Soc.,146:1999-2049.https://doi.org/10.1002/ qj.3803 https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5 授课教师：张洋11

⼤⽓环流概述－再分析资料 ! ERA5: ! Dataset: " 1979 to present, (back extension 1950-1978), global grids " Horizontal 0.25 X 0.25 degree (~31 km) " Vertical: interpolated to 37 pressure levels ! Model: 31 km，137 levels ! Reference: Hersbach, H, Bell, B, Berrisford, P, et al.,2020: The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q J R Meteorol Soc., 146: 1999– 2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/ qj.3803 ! https://www.ecmwf.int/en/forecasts/datasets/reanalysis-datasets/era5 授课教师：张洋 11

设雾 大气环流概述一再分析资料 NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis(CFSR): 1979 to present,global grids of atmosphere,ocean and land surface hourly,6-hourly,monthly mean ■，Horizontal::0.5X0.5 degree Vertical:37 atmospheric pressure(hPa)levels;40 levels(m)for ocean;and 16 isentropic levels(K)for atmosphere Model:a global atmosphere-ocean-land surface-sea ice coupled system o a global atmosphere resolution~38 km(T382)with 64 levels extending from the surface to 0.26 hPa; a global interactive ocean(GFDL MOM4)with latitudinal spacing 0.25 at the equator, extending to a global 0.5 beyond the tropics,with 40 levels to a depth of 4737 m; o a global interactive land surface model (NCEP Noah Land model)with 4 soil levels; o a global interactive sea-ice model with 3 layers. Reference:Saha,Suranjana,and Coauthors,2010:The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis.Bull.Amer:Meteor:Soc.,91,1015-1057. http://cfs.ncep.noaa.gov/cfsr/ 授课教师：张洋12

⼤⽓环流概述－再分析资料 ! NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR): ! 1979 to present, global grids of atmosphere, ocean and land surface ! hourly, 6-hourly, monthly mean ! Horizontal: 0.5 X 0.5 degree ! Vertical: 37 atmospheric pressure (hPa) levels; 40 levels (m) for ocean; and 16 isentropic levels (K) for atmosphere ! Model: a global atmosphere–ocean–land surface–sea ice coupled system " a global atmosphere resolution ~38 km (T382) with 64 levels extending from the surface to 0.26 hPa; " a global interactive ocean (GFDL MOM4) with latitudinal spacing 0.25° at the equator, extending to a global 0.5° beyond the tropics, with 40 levels to a depth of 4737 m; " a global interactive land surface model (NCEP Noah Land model) with 4 soil levels; " a global interactive sea-ice model with 3 layers. ! Reference: Saha, Suranjana, and Coauthors, 2010: The NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 91, 1015–1057. ! http://cfs.ncep.noaa.gov/cfsr/ 授课教师：张洋 12