审计学（英文）_16 AUDIT SAMPLING FOR TEST OF DETAILS OF BALANCES

AUDIT SAMPLING FOR TEST OF DETAILS OF BALANCES 16 OTH STATISTICAL AND NONSTATISTICAL SAMPLING ARE ACCEPTABLE UNDER GAAS. BUT WHICHEVER IS USED. IT MUST BE DONE RIGHT Arens, Loeb becke: Auditing &/E C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 16 AUDIT SAMPLING FOR TEST OF DETAILS OF BALANCES BOTH STATISTICAL AND NONSTATISTICAL SAMPLING ARE ACCEPTABLE UNDER GAAS, BUT WHICHEVER IS USED, IT MUST BE DONE RIGHT

Comparisons of Audit Sampling for Tests of Details of balances and for tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions Nonstatistical sampling There are 14 steps required in audit sampling for tests of details of balance These steps parallel the 14 steps used for sampling for tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions There are a few differences because of the different objectives of the tests Arens, Loeb becke: Auditing &/E C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Comparisons of Audit Sampling for Tests of Details of Balances and for Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions Nonstatistical Sampling There are 14 steps required in audit sampling for tests of details of balance. These steps parallel the 14 steps used for sampling for tests of controls and substantive tests of transactions. There are a few differences because of the different objectives of the tests

mpli Audit Sampling Steps stfenrcre ontrols and for Tests of details of balances of Transactions(see p 445) Plan the Sample Plan the sample 1. State the objectives of the audit tests. 1. State the objectives of the audit tests 2. Decide whether audit sampling applies. 2. Decide whether audit sampling applies. 3. Define misstatement conditions 3. Define attributes and exception 4. Define the population conditions 5. Define the sampling unit. 4. Define the population 6. Specify tolerable misstatement. 5. Define the sampling unit. 7. Specify acceptable risk of incorrect 6. Specify the tolerable exception rate acceptance 7. Specify acceptable risk of assessing 8. Estimate misstatements in the control risk too low population 8. Estimate the population exception rate 9. Determine the initial sample size 9. Determine the initial sample size Arens, Loeb becke: Auditing &/E C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. 1. State the objectives of the audit tests. 2. Decide whether audit sampling applies. 3. Define misstatement conditions. 4. Define the population. 5. Define the sampling unit. 6. Specify tolerable misstatement. 7. Specify acceptable risk of incorrect acceptance. 8. Estimate misstatements in the population. 9. Determine the initial sample size. Steps Plan the Sample 1. State the objectives of the audit tests. 2. Decide whether audit sampling applies. 3. Define attributes and exception conditions. 4. Define the population. 5. Define the sampling unit. 6. Specify the tolerable exception rate. 7. Specify acceptable risk of assessing control risk too low. 8. Estimate the population exception rate. 9. Determine the initial sample size. Plan the Sample Audit Sampling for Tests of Details of Balances Audit Sampling for Tests of Controls and Substantive Tests of Transactions (see p. 445)

Steps Select the sample and Select the sample and Perform the Audit Procedures Perform the Audit Procedures 10. Select the sample. 10. Select the sample. 11. Perform the audit procedures ll. Perform the audit procedures. Evaluate the results Evaluate the results 12. Generalize from the sample to the 12. Generalize from the sample to the population population 13. Analyze the misstatements. 13. Analyze the exceptions. 14. Decide the acceptability of the 14. Decide the acceptability of the population population Arens, Loeb becke: Auditing &/E C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Select the Sample and Perform the Audit Procedures 10. Select the sample. 11. Perform the audit procedures. 12. Generalize from the sample to the population. 13. Analyze the misstatements. 14. Decide the acceptability of the population. Evaluate the Results 10. Select the sample. 11. Perform the audit procedures. 12. Generalize from the sample to the population. 13. Analyze the exceptions. 14. Decide the acceptability of the population. Evaluate the Results Select the Sample and Perform the Audit Procedures Steps

Action When a Population Is rejected Take No Action Until Tests of Other Audit Areas Are Completed Perform Expanded Audit Tests in Specific Areas Increase the Sample size Adjust the Account balance Request the client to correct the population Refuse to Give an Unqualified opinion C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Action When a Population Is Rejected Take No Action Until Tests of Other Audit Areas Are Completed Perform Expanded Audit Tests in Specific Areas Increase the Sample Size Adjust the Account Balance Request the Client to Correct the Population Refuse to Give an Unqualified Opinion

MONETARY UNIT SAMPLING Difference between Monetary Unit Sampling and Nonstatistical Sampling The Definition of the Sampling Unit Is an Individual Dollar The Population Size Is the Recorded Dollar Population Preliminary Judgment of Materiality Is Used for Each Account Instead of tolerable misstatement Sample size Is determined Using a Statistical Formula A Formal Decision Rule Is Used for Deciding the Accepta bility of the population Sample selection Is Done Using Probability Proportional to Size Sample Selection (PPS) C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. MONETARY UNIT SAMPLING Difference between Monetary Unit Sampling and Nonstatistical Sampling • The Definition of the Sampling Unit Is an Individual Dollar • The Population Size Is the Recorded Dollar Population • Preliminary Judgment of Materiality Is Used for Each Account Instead of Tolerable Misstatement • Sample Size Is Determined Using a Statistical Formula • A Formal Decision Rule Is Used for Deciding the Acceptability of the Population • Sample Selection Is Done Using Probability Proportional to Size Sample Selection (PPS)

The auditor generalizes from the sample to the population Using Monetary Unit Sampling Techniques Attributes sampling tables are used to calculate the results 2. The attributes results must be converted to dollars 3. The auditor must make an assumption a bout the percentage of misstatement for each population item that is misstated 4. The statistical results when Monetary Units Sampling is used are called misstatement bounds Arens, Loeb becke: Auditing &/E C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. The Auditor Generalizes from the Sample to the Population Using Monetary Unit Sampling Techniques 1. Attributes sampling tables are used to calculate the results. 2. The attributes results must be converted to dollars. 3. The auditor must make an assumption about the percentage of misstatement for each population item that is misstated. 4. The statistical results when Monetary Units Sampling is used are called misstatement bounds

Assumption Overstatement amounts equal 100 percent; understatement amounts equal 100 percent; misstatement bounds at a 5 percent ARia are Upper misstatement bound =$1, 200,000X 3%X 100%=$36,000 Lower misstatement bound=S1.200000X 3%X100%=$36000 all amounts have to be overstatements 2. All population items misstated have to be 100 percent misstated Arens, Loeb becke: Auditing &/E C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Overstatement amounts equal 100 percent; understatement amounts equal 100 percent; misstatement bounds at a 5 percent ARIA are Upper misstatement bound = $1,200,000 X 3% X 100% = $36,000 Lower misstatement bound = $1,200,000 X 3% X 100% = $36,000 1. All amounts have to be overstatements. 2. All population items misstated have to be 100 percent misstated

Assumption Overstatement amounts equal 10 percent; understatement amounts equal 10 percent; misstatement bounds at a 5 percent ARia are Upper misstatement bound=$1, 200,000X 3%X%=$3, 600 Lower misstatement bound =$1.200000X 3%X10%=S3.600 The assumption is that, on average those items that are misstated are misstated by no more than 10 percent. Arens, Loeb becke: Auditing &/E C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Overstatement amounts equal 10 percent; understatement amounts equal 10 percent; misstatement bounds at a 5 percent ARIA are Upper misstatement bound = $1,200,000 X 3% X 10% = $3,600 Lower misstatement bound = $1,200,000 X 3% X 10% = $3,600 The assumption is that, on average, those items that are misstated are misstated by no more than 10 percent

Assumption3 Overstatement amounts equal 20 percent; understatement amounts equal 200 percent; misstatement bounds at a 5 percent ARia are Upper misstatement bound=S1, 200,000X 3%X 20%=S7, 200 Lower misstatement bound =S1. 200000X 3%X200%0=S72.000 The justification for a larger percent for understatements is the potential for a larger misstatementin percentage terms Arens, Loeb becke: Auditing &/E C 2000 by Prentice Hall,Inc

Arens, Loebbecke; Auditing, 8/E © 2000 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Overstatement amounts equal 20 percent; understatement amounts equal 200 percent; misstatement bounds at a 5 percent ARIA are Upper misstatement bound = $1,200,000 X 3% X 20% = $7,200 Lower misstatement bound = $1,200,000 X 3% X 200% = $72,000 The justification for a larger percent for understatements is the potential for a larger misstatement in percentage terms