《西方经济学原理》Chap 28 The Challenge of Economic Development

ECSENOMICS Chapter 28 The Challenge of Economic Development McGraw-Hilllrwin Copyright C 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 28 The Challenge of Economic Development

ECSENOMICS Incomes and Human Development Are Linked. but Some Countries Do better for Their Income Levels T208 Figure 28-1 1.0 Human development frontier COSTA RKA spes v4 :RN AMAI MAURITIUAE BETUKKLY INDXNESIA m3E月三 a HOISWANA BALGEHIA .COTE DIVOIRE DSENIGAI 01.00020003,0004.000 10.00020.00030,000 GDP per capita (1993 U.S. dollars) McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report1996

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. T-208 Figure 28-1 Source: United Nations Development Program, Human Development Report 1996 (Oxford, New York, 1996), p. 67. Incomes and Human Development Are Linked, but Some Countries Do Better for Their Income Levels

ECSENOMICS Investment in Developing Countries T209 Figure 28-2 200 口 Direct investment a Portfolio investment 150 口 Total b 100 3 50 v59三 □50 1973-78 1979-82 1983-88 1989-92 1993-96 Year McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: Council of Economic Advisers

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Investment in Developing Countries T-209 Figure 28-2 Source: Council of Economic Advisers

ECSENOMICS The Vicious Cycle of Poverty T210 Figure 28-3 ow saving and investment Low average Low pace of capital Incomes accumulation ow producti McGraw-Hilllrwin Copyright C 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Vicious Cycle of Poverty T-210 Figure 28-3

ECSENOMICS Openness and Economic Growth 1970-1989 T-211 Figure 28-4 (a)Closed Economies (b) Open Economies .Taiwan a Indone Mexico ● New lealand 25 Argentina Venezuela · Madagascar Angela e Morb 1970 GDP per capita (thousands of 1985 dollars) 1970 GDP per capita(thousands of 1985 dollars) McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: Jeffrey Sachs and Andre w Warner, "Economic Reform and the Process of Global Inte gration

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Openness and Economic Growth, 1970-1989 T-211 Figure 28-4 Source: Jeffrey Sachs and Andrew Warner, “Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity,no. 1, 1995, pp. 42-43

ECSENOMICS The Transition to the market Has Been a mixed Success T212 Figure 28-5 160 140 ◆ Poland 口 Slovenia Czech Republic 100 -X Hungary Romania 60 8 Russia Ukraine 20 1990 1998 McGraw-Hilllrwin Source: World Bank, World Development Report, 1999(World Bank, Washington, 1999)

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Transition to the Market Has Been a Mixed Success T-212 Figure 28-5 Source: World Bank, World Development Report, 1999 (World Bank, Washington, 1999)