南京农业大学：《土壤学》（双语版） Chapter 1 Soil Mineral Material

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Chapter 1 Soil Mineral Material

Section 1 The chemical and mineral constitutes of soil parent minerals The chemical constitutes of soil parent minerals Soil 0sAFCNKM 1 ■其它元素

Section 1 The chemical and mineral constitutes of soil parent minerals 一、The chemical constitutes of soil parent minerals Soil

Mineral material 38%,(95%) Organic matter 12%,(5%) Solution (15-35% Air (15-35%)

Mineral Material 38%，(95%) Organic matter 12%，(5%) Solution (15-35%) Air (15-35%)

表1-1地壳和土壤的平均化学组成(重量%(维诺格拉多夫,1950、1962) 元素 地壳中 土壤中 地壳中 土壤中 47.0 49.0 0.10 0.085 S 29.0 33.0 0.093 Al 8.05 7.13 0.09 0.085 4.65 3.80 0.023 2.0 2.96 1.37 0.01 0.1 1.67 0.002 0.005 0.005 Mg 0.60 0.003 0.0008 0.45 0.40 0.003 0.001 (0.15) 0.003 0.0003 根据克拉克等(1924)、费尔斯曼(1939)和泰勒(1964)的估计,地壳的化学元素组成与此表稍有不同,但总 的趋势是一致的

表 1-1 地壳和土壤的平均化学组成（重量%） （维诺格拉多夫，1950、1962） * 元 素 地壳中 土壤中 元 素 地壳中 土壤中 O S i A l F e C a N a K M g T i H 47.0 29.0 8.05 4.65 2.96 2.50 2.50 1.37 0.45 (0.15) 49.0 33.0 7.13 3.80 1.37 1.67 1.36 0.60 0.40 ? M n P S C N C u Z n C o B M o 0.10 0.093 0.09 0.023 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.085 0.08 0.085 2.0 0.1 0.002 0.005 0.0008 0.001 0.0003 * 根据克拉克等(1924)、费尔斯曼(1939)和泰勒(1964)的估计,地壳的化学元素组成与此表稍有不同,但总 的趋势是一致的

Distributive law (1) The oxygen(O) and silicon( Si) are main two elements in the earth crust. The second elements are iron and aluminum. Four elements occupy about 88.7% weight of the le earth crust (2) The essential elements for plant growing are very low and distribute unbalance in earth crust

Distributive law （1）The oxygen( O) and silicon( Si) are main two elements in the earth crust. The second elements are iron and aluminum. Four elements occupy about 88.7% weight of the earth crust. （2）The essential elements for plant growing are very low and distribute unbalance in earth crust

二、 The mineral constitutes in the soil According to the crystallize appearance of the mineral the mineral can be divided into. Crystallization mineral and no-crystallization mineral According to the source of the mineral. the mineral can be divided into: Primary mineral and secondary mineral

二、The mineral constitutes in the soil According to the crystallize appearance of the mineral, the mineral can be divided into: Crystallization mineral and no-crystallization mineral According to the source of the mineral, the mineral can be divided into: Primary mineral and secondary mineral

二、 TThe mineral constitutes in the soil Primary mineral formed from cooling the molten(lava) rock. (The silicate and aluminosilicates are main compositions in the primary mineral 2 The feldspar and quartz are main mineral in the primary minera 3 The primary mineral is an important source of the plant nutrient

二、The mineral constitutes in the soil Primary mineral formed from cooling the molten(lava) rock. ①The silicate and aluminosilicates are main compositions in the primary mineral. ② The feldspar and quartz are main mineral in the primary mineral. ③The primary mineral is an important source of the plant nutrient

图2-3正长石、斜长石的结晶外形 a,正长面氏双晶b斜长面的聚法双晶 图24云母类矿物形状 a:解理及解理面b;云母的极完全解理c:方铅矿的三向完全解理 m⑦ d b 图2-7石英的晶体形态 图29黄铁矿的晶体形状 六方柱体b.六方双锥体cd.双晶 图2-8石英晶簇 a.立方体b.五角十二面体 立方体与五角十二面体的聚形

图2-10磁铁矿的晶形 a.八面体b.菱形十二面体 图2-11磷灰石的晶形 菱面体解理 图2-12方解石的晶体形态 n,晶体b犬车状集合体c.菱面体解理(放大镜下)

表1-2土壤中主要的原生矿物组成 原生矿物分子式 稳定性常量元素 微量元素 橄榄石(Mg,Fe)2Si0 易风化Mg,Fe,Si Ni Co, Mn, Li, Zn, Cu, Mo 角闪石Ca2NaMg,Fe)2(A1,Fe)(si,A1)4O1(oH)2 Mg, Fe, Ca, Al, Si Ni, Co, Mn, Li, Se, V, Zn, Cu, Ga 辉石ca(Mg,Fe,A1)(si,A1)2O Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, Si Ni, Co, Mn, Li, Se, V, Pb, Cu, Ga 黑云母Kg,Fe)(A1,Si300)(OH)2 K, Mg, Fe, Al, Si Rb, Ba, Ni, Co, Se, Li, Mn, V, Zn, Cu 斜长石CaAl2Si203 Ca, Al, S Sr, cu, Ga, Mo 钠长石 NaIls3 石榴子石 较稳定Cu,Mg,Fe,A,SiM,Cr,Ga 正长石KAsi3O3 K, Al, Si Ra, Ba, Sr, Cu, Ga 白云母KA2(A1S10)(OH)2 K, A, Si F, Rb, Sr, Ga, V, Ba 钛铁矿 Co. Ni, Cr, V 磁铁矿 Zn. Co, Ni. Cr, V 电气石 Cu,Mg,Fe,Al,SiLi,〔 锆英石 石英si0 极稳定Si